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Human Physiology > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two functional parts of the circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation
systematic circulation

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2
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

flow of blood through the lungs for oxygenation

-deoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs where it is oxygenated and then returned to the left atrium`to go to body

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3
Q

what is systematic circulation?

A

supplies blood fow to all the tissues of the body except the lungs

  • then come back into right atrium
  • also called greater circulation or peripheral circulation
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4
Q

stronger part of the heart that pushes blood out

A

ventricles

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5
Q

entire blood volume is about ____.

___% of whole volume is in systemic circulation
- ____% in veins
- ____% in arteries
- ____% systemic arterioles and capillaries

____% of whole volume is in Pulmonary circulation
- ____% in heart
- ____% in pulmonary vessels

A

5 Liters

84% in systemic
64% in veins
13% in arteries
7% arterioles and capillaries

16% in pulmonary
7% in heart
9% in pulmonary vessels

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6
Q

blood goes from _____ to lungs to get oxygenated.
Then back to _______.

_____ pumps blood out to go to body through the ______. goes through ______ where oxygen is dropped off.

makes its way to _____ then ____ returns blood to heart.

A

right ventricle
left atrium

left ventricle
aorta
arterioles and capillaries

veins
inferior vena cava

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7
Q

basic blood flow from the left ventricke?

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
capillary beds
venules
veins
right atrium

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8
Q

main function of venous vessels are _______

A

blood reservoirs
-major storage compartment for blood

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9
Q

what is the relationship between cross-sectional areas to velocity of blood flow?

A

inversely proportional
- veleocity is slowest where cross sectional area is greatest

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10
Q

blood flow becomes ____ the farther away from the heart and is slowest in ______

when venules unite to form veins the total cross-sectional area becomes _____ and flow becomes _____

A

slower
capillaries

smaller
faster

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11
Q

the capillaries are located _______

A

at the far end of the blood flow loop

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12
Q

heart pumping is _____ and the arterial pressure alternates between ______ and ______

mean pressure is ____

A

pulsatile

systolic (120)
diastolic (80)

relatively high

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13
Q

which side of heart has more pressure

A

left

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14
Q

largest drop in arterial pressure occurs in the _____ from ____ to ___

A

arterioles

70 to 35

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15
Q

Rate of blood flow of each tissue of the body is almost always precisely controlled in relation to ______

A

tissue need

  • increased flow = increased metabolic demand
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16
Q

cardiac output (CO) is controlled mainly by the ________

A

sum of all the local tissue flows

  • all blood flowing thru tissue must return to heart
  • increased flow thru tissue determines increased flow to the heart which increases CO
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17
Q

in general the arterial pressure is controlled ________ of _________

A

independently of local blood blow or CO control

baroreceptor reflex
- increases heart rate
- generalized vasoconstriction

endocrine hormonal secretion

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18
Q

when blood flows at a steady rate through a long smooth vessel in streamlines, with each layer of blood remaining the same distance from the vessel wall

A

laminar flow

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19
Q

in laminar flow velocity of the blood in the center of the vessel is ______ than the outer edges

A

greater

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20
Q

in laminar flow the conductnce of blood in a vessel increases to the _____ of the vessel ______

A

fourth power
diameter

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21
Q

when the fluid molecules touching the wall barely move because of adherence to the vessel wall.

A

parabolic profile

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22
Q

the farther the layer of blood is from the vessel wall, the ____ it is.

A

less impeded (less stuck)

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23
Q

blood flowing in all directions in a vessel and continually mixing within a vessel

A

turbulent flow

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24
Q

what can cause turbulent flow

A

when it passes an obstruction in a vessel or passes over a rough surface

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25
Q

what is it called when the blood in turbulent flow moves backward in a whorl

A

eddy currents

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26
Q

eddy currents cause much more ______

A

resistance

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27
Q

turbulent flow is seen in ________

it generates sound waves that can be heard with a stethoscope as _____ or _____

turbulent flow can lead to ______

A

diseased and stenotic arteries and heart valves

murmors or bruits

decrease in flow and blood clot formation and ischemia

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28
Q

the quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time

A

blood flow
ml/min

CO amout of blood pumped into the aorta by the heart/min
- 5000 ml/min

29
Q

what main factors effect blood flow through a vessel

A

pressure difference (gradient)
resistance

30
Q

pressure difference or gradient is?

A

pressure difference of the blood between the two ends of the vessel

31
Q

what is resistance?

A

impediment to flow due to friction between blood and endothelium of the vessel wall

32
Q

P1 vs P2

A

P1 is beginning
P2 is end

33
Q

flow through the vessel can be cslculated using ____

A

Ohm’s Law

34
Q

what is ohms law equation

A

F = (P1-P2) / R

R=resistance

35
Q

Ohm’s law demonstrates that:
Blood Flow is _____proportional to the pressure difference and _______ proportional to the resistance.

Put simply, as blood flow increases:
The pressure gradient _____
The resistance __________

A

directly
inversely

increases
decreases or stays the same

36
Q

what influences vascular resistance

A

size of lumen
blood viscosity
total blood vessel length

37
Q

how does the size of the lumen influence vascular resistance?

A

the smaller the lumen of blood vessels, the greater the resistance

38
Q

vasoconstriction ____ the diameter and vasodilation ____ the diameter

A

narrows
widens

39
Q

normally moment to moment fluctuations in blood flow through a given tissue are dependent upon whether the _____ in that tissue are under _______ control

A

arterioles
sympathetic

40
Q

what is blood viscosity?

A

resistance to flow

depends on the ratio of RBC to plasma (hematocrit)
and to a smaller extent the concentration of plasma proteins

41
Q

how does blood viscosity influence vascular resistance?

A

the higher blood viscosity, the higher the resistance

42
Q

hematocrit for males and females

A

RBC to plasma

males = 42
women = 38

43
Q

high blood viscosity found in conditions of ________ and ________

A

dehydration and polycythemia
- high #RBC
- increases blood pressure

44
Q

what influences does total blood vessel length have on vascular resistance?

A

resistance of blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to total blood vessel length

longer = more resistance

45
Q

why do obese have higher rates of hypertension

A

additional blood vessels increase blood vessel length, so more resistance

46
Q

the ______ has a cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate, contractility (force of contraction), and blood vessels diameter

A

medulla oblongata

47
Q

CVC controls neural, hormonal, and local _____ systems that regulate blood flow to specific tissues

A

negative feedback systems

48
Q

some neurons in the CVC in medulla oblongata stimulate heart (_______ center) or inhibit the heart (______ center).

A

cardiostimulatory center
cardioinhibitory center

49
Q

some neurons in CVC control blood vessel diameter by causing _________ in ______ center

A

vaso constriction or dilation

vasomotor center

50
Q

neurons regulating blood vessel diameter

A

vasomotor neurons

51
Q

sympathetic neurons that reach the heart and increase heart rate

A

cardiac accelerator nerves

52
Q

parasympathetic neurons that reach the heart and decrease heart rate

A

vagus nerve

53
Q

input to CVC by what three main sensory receptors?

A

Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

54
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

monitor joint movement and provide input to CVC during physical activity

increased movement = increased blood flow requirement

  • also increase activity when postural muscles are firing at a high rate (indicating standing position)
55
Q

what are baroreceptors responsible for ?

A

pressure sensitive sensory receptors
- carotid sinus
- wall of ascending aorta
- walls of these vessels stretch stimulating baroreceptors

drop in BP : increase sympathetic stimulation, increase HR and contractility. This increases CO, vascular resistance, and BP (negative feedback)

increase in BP : increase in parasympathetic, decrease in HR and contractility. This decreases CO, vascular resistance, and BP (negative feedback) (baroreceptor reflex)

56
Q

carotid sinus is _____ nerve

A

glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IX

57
Q

ascending aorta and arch of aorta is _____ nerve

A

vagus nerve
CN X

58
Q

what are chemoreceptors responsible for?

A

monitor chemical composition of blood
- detect changes in blood O2, CO2, and H+

59
Q

_________stimulates the chemoreceptors to send signals to the CVC. The CVC then ____ ____ stimulation to arterioles and veins producing _________ and an _______ in BP as well as stimulating the respiratory center to _______ breathing.

A

hypoxia, acidosis, or hypercapnia

increases sympathetic
vasoconstriction
increase
increase

60
Q

where is chemoreceptors found

A

close to baroreceptors od the carotid sinus and arch of aorta

found in small structures called carotid bodies and aortic bodies

61
Q

Blood pressure measured in _____ by ______.
A pressure of 120 mmHg in a blood vessel will push a column of mercury to 120 mm height in a vertical column.

A

mmHg
mercury manometer

62
Q

regulation of blood pressure and blood flow

A

intrinsic regulation

  • autogenic regulation
63
Q

explain autogenic regulation in blood pressure and blood flow

A

increase in arterial pressure = immediate rise in blood flow.

in less than a minute, the blood flow in these tissues return back to normal even though arterial pressure is still elevated.

64
Q

what two theories try to explain autogenic regulation

A

metabolic theory
myogenic theory

65
Q

metabolic theory

A

when arterial pressure becomes too great, the excessive flow provides too much oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
-The nutrients, especially excess oxygen, cause the blood vessels to constrict and the flow to return to normal despite the increased pressure.

66
Q

myogenic theory

A

sudden stretch of blood vessels walls causes the smooth muscle of the wall to contract for a few seconds.
- high arterial pressure stretches the vessel, causes vascular constriction that reduces blood flow nearly back to normal
- elicited by stretch induced depolarization, which rapidly increases calcium ion entry from the ECF into cells causing them to contract.
- Conversely at low pressures the degree of stretch is less, so that the smooth muscle relaxes and the flow increases.

67
Q

several types of cells release a wide variety of ______ that alter _______

A

chemicals
blood vessel diameter

68
Q

vasodilation chemicals

A

potassium
hydrogen
lactic acid
ATP
prostacyclin
nitric oxide
kinins
histamine

69
Q

vasoconstricting chemicals

A

Thromboxane A2
superoxide radicals
serotonin
endothelins
EPINEPHRINE.

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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