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Human Physiology > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

secrete their products (hormones) into the adjacent interstitial fluid or blood vessels, usually in a capillary bed

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

Hormones; mediator molecules

A

secretary products

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3
Q

carries mediators to target cells

A

vascular system

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4
Q

harbor receptors to specific mediators to carry out required response

A

target cells

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5
Q

released by axon terminals of neurons into the synaptic junctions and act locally to control nerve cell functions

A

neurotransmitters

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6
Q

released by glands or specialized cells into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at another location in the body

A

endocrine hormones

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7
Q

secreted by neurons into the circulating blood and influence the function of target cells at another location in the body

A

neuroendocrine hormones

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8
Q

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells of a different type

A

paracrines

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9
Q

secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them

A

autocrines

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10
Q

peptides secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and can function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrine hormones

A

cytokines

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11
Q

Hormones that trigger biochemical signals upon interacting with receptors on cell surface

Intracellular signaling causes a molecular response (_____).

A

second messenger system

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12
Q

two groups of receptor hormones with receptors on cell surface

A

Peptide hormones (Ex: Growth Hormone, insulin)
Small molecules (ex: the Amine-derived Epinephrine)

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13
Q

Hormones that diffuse across target cell’s plasma membrane to interact with intracellular receptors

these are ______ molecules

Complexes bind to promoter and enhancer DNA elements, affecting gene expression

example?

A

Steroids – estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids

Thyroxine

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14
Q

which system nervous or endocrine is…

close to site of release
delivers to cells of body
delivers to cells many muscle
takes longer
lasts longer

A

nervous
endocrine
nervous
endocrine
endocrine

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15
Q

roles of endocrine system

A

Regulation of water and ion balance
Response to infection, trauma, stress
Regulating growth and development
Reproduction
Digesting, storing and utilization of nutrients

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16
Q
A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary
  3. Pineal
  4. Parathyroid
  5. Thyroid
  6. Thymus
  7. Adrenal
  8. Pancreas
  9. Ovaries
  10. Testes
  11. Adipose tissue
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17
Q

Proteins and polypeptides chemical structure ?
Ex: ?

A

anterior and posterior pituitary gland, parathyroid, pancreas

Ex: insulin, glucagon, parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

steroids chemical structure?
EX ?

A

adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, placenta

ex: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

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19
Q

amines chemical structure?
examples?

A

derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

thyroid, adrenal medulla

ex: Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

20
Q

Polypeptides; ________ amino acids (AKA; proteins)
Peptides ____ amino acids

A

100 or more
<100

21
Q

in endocrine cells the polypeptides and peptides are made in the ________ and can also form ______ and _____

A

ER
prehormones (1 step away)
pro hormones (2 seps away)

22
Q

from ER they are moved to ________ and packages into ______ to be stored in the _______.

They can then be released by _____ when they are needed.

A

Golgi aparatus
vesicles
cytoplasm

exocytosis

23
Q

steroid production is from ______.

it is not stored but produced when needed from circulating ______ in plasma

A

cholesterol
cholesterol

24
Q

amine hormone production is derived from _____ from ______ and ______

stored in _____ as _______
makes _______ when needed

A

tyrosine
thyroid and adrenal medulla

thyroid gland
thyroglobulin
epi and norepinephrine

25
Q

Circulating hormones combine with __________ which slowly releases the hormones to the target tissues

A

plasma proteins (thyroxine-binding globulin)

26
Q

amine hormones Epi, norepinephrine are formed within the ________.

more _____ formed.

_______ stored within vesicles and released through exocytosis when needed

Circulate free or combined with other substances

A

adrenal medulla
epinephrine

Catecholamines

27
Q

hypocalcemia is a

A

negative feedback loop

28
Q

timing for mechanisms

A

Some exert their effects immediately while others may take weeks to months

29
Q

amounts for mechanisms

A

active in very small quantities

30
Q

half live for mechanisms

A

vary

catecholamines (free) minutes to hours
steroids –hours
thyroxine- days

31
Q

Hormone activity at the target tissues remains under constant control primarily through ________
- Hormone levels themselves
- Reached effective target tissue activity

Feedback can occur at any of the steps, synthesis, packaging etc

A

negative feedback system

32
Q

Cyclical variations primarily due to _____ control
- Seasonal
- Developmental stages
- Age
- Daily cycle
- Sleep-wake

A

neural

33
Q

Hormone itself can cause continued secretion which would be ____________

example?

A

positive feedback

luteinizing hormone
- stimulated by effects of estrogen on the anterior pituitary
- works to stimulate more estrogen
- estrogen stimulates more LH until level is reached

34
Q

transport of Water soluble hormones and what are they

A

peptides and catecholamines

dissolve and move freely through the plasma to their target tissues

35
Q

transport of protein bound hormones
example

A

cleared slowly from the plasma

steroids, thyroid

small % are free in plasma
remain inactive in circulation until they dissociate from the protein molecule

36
Q

Metabolic Clearance is controlled by ?

A

rate of secretion

rate of removal (metabolic clearance rate)

37
Q

mechanisms of clearance are

A

tissue destruction
tissue binding
liver excretion into bile
kidney excretion into bile
kidney excretion in urine

38
Q

Most mechanisms will affect target tissue by forming a __________
Altering the function of the receptor itself
It is the activated receptor that initiates the hormonal effects

Examples of Hormone Receptor Interactions
- Intracellular Signaling
- Ion channel linked receptors
- G protein-linked hormone receptors
- Enzyme linked hormone receptors
- Intracellular Hormone Receptors and activation of genes

A

hormone-receptor complex

39
Q

Second messenger mechanisms examples include

Therefore: depending upon the hormone, the mechanism (processes) of how it alters the function of the target tissue can be different

A

Adenyl cyclase-cAMP second messenger system
Cell membrane Phospholipid system
Calcium-Calmodulin system

40
Q

Each cell has thousands of receptors
- Down regulated or upregulated

Located at various sites of the cell
- Membrane-peptides, catecholamines
- Cytoplasm-steroids
- Nucleus-thyroid hormones

Once bound to their specific hormone the activated receptor then initiates the hormones effects either ___________ or by __________

A

directly (primary)

a secondary messenger system

41
Q

intracellular signaling includes ____________

examples include
- Neurotransmitter substances combine with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane
- Ion channel–linked receptors open or close ion channels
- Movement of these ions (electrochemical gradient) through the channels cause the subsequent effects on the postsynaptic cells

Most of the hormones that work by this mechanism (ie. Opening or closing ion channels) do this indirectly by ________________

A

ion channel linked receptors

coupling with G protein–linked or enzyme-linked receptors

42
Q

G protein–linked receptors
Cell membrane proteins called ________
Hormones bound to these proteins to facilitate their effects by either increasing or decreasing the activity of intracellular enzymes

Inhibitory G proteins (______)
Stimulatory G proteins (_______)

A

heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins)

Gi proteins
Gs proteins

43
Q

Enzyme-linked receptors

Some activated receptors function directly as enzymes or are associated with enzymes that they activate

Enzyme-linked receptors bind with the hormone on the _______ of the cell membrane
Hormone binds to the_______ part of the receptor, activating an enzyme inside the cell membrane

Ex: ____________

A

outside
extracellular

Leptin-release from adipocytes
regulates appetite and energy balance

44
Q

Intracellular Hormones and Gene Activation
1. Adrenal, thyroid hormones, vitamin D, bind with _______ inside the cell
2. Readily cross the cell membrane and interact with receptors in the ________
3. Activated hormone-receptor complex binds with a specific regulatory (promoter) _______(hormone response element)
4. Either activates or represses_______ of specific genes and formation of the messenger RNA (mRNA) if the appropriate combination of gene regulatory proteins is present
5. The new _____ alter the cell’s activity and cause responses typical of that hormone

A

protein receptors
cytoplasm or nucleus
sequence of the DNA
transcription
proteins

45
Q

How Hormones Act on Genetic Function (Steroid)

  1. Binds with a specific _______
  2. Combined receptor protein-hormone enters the ______
  3. Binds to ____ activating the specific transcription process forming _____
  4. mRNA diffuses into cytoplasm promoting translation of new proteins
  5. The new ______ alter the cell’s activity and cause responses typical of that hormone
A

receptor protein
nucleus
DNA mRNA
proteins

46
Q

Hormones Act on Genetic Function (Thyroid Hormones)

Increase _______ by binding with receptors

–subsequently activating _______ that control specific gene promoters

A

gene transcription

transcription factors

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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