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Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what controls cell function

A

genes (DNA) segment

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2
Q

how do you get a different version of a protein?

A

RNA transcribes from the same gene

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3
Q

catalyze reactions in the cell

A

enzymes

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4
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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5
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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6
Q

the genetic code consists of ____ bases as a “code word” which controls the sequence of _______ in a protein molecule

A

triplet
amino acids

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7
Q

DNA vs RNA purpose?

A

DNA contains genetic code

RNA used for protein synthesis

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8
Q

DNA vs RNA location it is found?

A

DNA found in chromosomes, mitochondria

RNA found in cytosol

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9
Q

DNA vs RNA Shape and structure?

A

DNA - double helix connected by H bonds

RNA - single helix that folds upon itself

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10
Q

DNA vs RNA bases?
*the nitrogen base

A

DNA :
Adenosine - Thymine*
Cytosine - Guanine

RNA :

Adenosine - Uracil*
Cytosine - Guanine

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11
Q

difference between thymine and uracil

A

uracil lacks one methyl group

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12
Q

four types of RNA?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
MicroRNA

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13
Q

Goal of transcription is to get DNA information to from ______ to _______

A

nucleus to cytosol

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14
Q

codon in DNA is transferred to one strand of RNA through transcription in the ______. By using ________ we then make _____ to diffuse through nucleous to cytoplasm

A

nucleus

RNA polymerase
mRNA

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15
Q

where does translation occur?

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

How does translation occur?

A

mRNA goes through ribosome and forms protein molecule
tRNA transports amino acids needed to build a protein

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17
Q

what is the manufacturing plant?

A

ribosomes

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18
Q

what happens to newly forms proteins?

A

some have amino acids on ends that immediately attach to receptors on ER

some go directly to cytosol

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19
Q

proteins that give shape and structure to cell or organelles?
example

A

structural proteins

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20
Q

proteins that catalyse biological readctions

A

enzymes

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21
Q

proteins that bind to other molecules and transmit signal

A

receptor proteins

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22
Q

proteins that have specific functions

A

functional proteins

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23
Q

what allows cells to respond to environment and differentiate. Cardiac and renal tubule cell contain same genes… how do they differentiate?

A

genetic regulation

they are expressed differently

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24
Q

how are enzymes regulated

A

intracellular chemicals act as inhibitors and activators
- enzyme inhibition
- negative feedback
- enzyme activation

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25
what determines growth characteristics and reproduction of cell
DNA
26
what cells do not reproduce
neurons
27
all cells develop from the ______.
fertilized ovum
28
How does differentiation of a cell occur
pluripotent stem cell (non-specific) undergoes mitosis to turn into a specialized cell
29
the more differentiated a cell becomes the less it can ______.
proliferate (rapidly reproduce)
30
major stages of mitosis
1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. anaphase 3. telophase
31
what is programmed cell death called and what happens
apoptosis mediated by proteins called caspases (callapses cell and doesn't damage surroundings)
32
what is cell death called that results from acute injury? and what happens
necrosis contents spill into surrounding tissue causing local inflammation adjacent cell injury
33
cell communication through gap junctions
directly from cell to cell
34
cell communicattion through synaptic
across synaptic cleft
35
cell communication through paracrine and autocrine
by diffusion in interstitual fluid
36
cell communication through endocrine
by circulating body fluids
37
how deos the cell membrane regulate the entry and exit of materials
selectivity filter
38
through the cell membrane's _________ it interacts with external signal to transmit the signals into an internal message
communication system
39
Composition of the cell membrane
42% lipids (phospholipids) 55% proteins 3% carbohydrates (external side of membrane)
40
what make up a phospholipid?
glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol phosphate end in hydrophilic fatty acid end is hydrophobic
41
what is the charged carbohydrate coat on the outer cell?
glycocalyx
42
the glycocalyx is ______ charged. what is their role?
negatively repell other neg charged substances attatch cells to each other acts as receptor, attaches to insulin component of immune response
43
cell membrane proteins that attatch loosley to the lipid surface on either side
peripheral
44
cell membrane proteins that span the entire cell membrane
integral
45
what do peripheral proteins used for
cell adhesion molecules enzymes controllers for substances thru membrane cell skeleton surface markers antigens
46
surface glycoproteins are _________.
cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) and complexes
47
what is the purpose of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM)
- hold cell/tissue together - regulate shape, growth, differentiation - help cell respond to environment - cell cell adhesion molecules (inflammation, wound healing, embryo development)
48
what happens when cell cell adhesion molecules are not there
metastatic tumor cells
49
four groups of cell adhesion receptors
cadherins selections igG integrins
50
receptors that facilitate movement of neutrophils through the endothelial wall.
cadherin receptors
51
receptors that capture neutrophils move them along endothelium, platelet adherence
selectins
52
receptors that are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and secure adhesion of neutrophils with the endothelium
igG
53
receptor that has role in inflammation, migration of leukocytes
integrins
54
what does mutation in cadherins do
promote malignent cells to invade tissue and metastasize
55
role of integral membrane proteins
receptors communicate between inside and outside of cell transporters (carrier proteins) enzymes
56
over _____ of receptors for integral proteins
20 families
57
communication processes driven by chemical messengers to mediate cell growth, differentiation, and survival
signal transduction
58
how does signal transduction pass signal from cell to cell
secretory cell and receptor on surface of target cell work together
59
steps of signal transduction
reception - signal molecule activates a specific recpor on the target cell transduction - second messenger transmits signal into cell response - cell changes shape movement gene expression, etc.
60
what is the cell membrane inpermeable to?
large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids
61
what is the cell membrane selectively permeable to?
small molecules such as ions and metabolites
62
what molecules move freely across cell membrane
highly lipid soluble - CO2 - ammonia - oxygen - nitrogen - alcoohol
63
what type of molecule rely on transport, channel, and carrier proteins to cross cell membrane?
water, urea (aquaporins move water)
64
type of membrane transport
bulk transport (endo/exocytosis) diffusion active transport
65
what is ingestion of the cell of large substances by invagination of the cell membrane fusing to form a clathrin (protein) coated vesicle
endocytosis
66
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis pinocytosis
67
phagocytosis
cell eating large particles (bacteria) only certain cells can do this (WBC)
68
pinocytosis
cell drinking take in macromolecules (proteins) and extracellular fluid
69
what is exocytosis? How does it occur?
cell discharges material 1. vesicle moves to cell surface 2. membrane fuses 3. material is expelled
70
types of diffusion
simple diffusion facilitated diffusion
71
how does simple diffusion occur?
occurs by kinetic movement of cells -directly through membrane -or through large transport protein
72
how does facilitated diffusion occur?
requires a carrier protein that binds to the molecule and carries it in (chaperone)
73
what are types of membrane channels
ion channels gated chanels
74
what are the types of gated channels?
voltage gated ligand gated
75
what is the voltage gated channel ?
effected by change in membrane potential Na+, K+, Ca++ - important in nervous system
76
what is a ligand gated channel?
intra/extra cellular binding of a regulatory molecule that allows channel to open - hormones
77
what are channelopathies?
complications associated with mutations of ion channel proteins - cystic fibrosis
78
what happens with cystic fibrosis compared to normal? Treatment?
CFTR gene mutation affects channels responsible for Cl transport normal chloride transport thru CFTR protein channel maintains salt, fluis, and pH homeostasis Treatment varies depending on affected channel
79
what is Vmax?
In facilitated diffusion, solute cannot exceed the carrier proteins capabilities. you reach a steady point of rate of diffusion. # and conformational change limits the rate of diffusion
80
how is active transport done
concentration in extracellular fluid is lower than inside the cell creates concentration gradient that will require energy for nutrient transport
81
types of active transport
primary secondary
82
primary active transport uses energy from ?
from the breakdown of ATP or other high energy compounds
83
Secondary active tranport uses energy from ?
use energy created by primary active transport that has been stored
84
examples of primary active transport
1. sodium potassium pump 2. Calcium pump 3. H+ K+ pump
85
sodium potassium poump is the basis of our _____. HOW?
nerve function establishes a negative electrical voltage inside the cells to transmit signals
86
in the sodium potassium pump what goes in/out?
3 Na+ ions OUT of cell 2 K+ ions INTO cell
87
how does sodium potassium pump control cell volume?
Na+ leaves cell and wayer follows bc fluid follows the solute.
88
what does the calcium ATPase pump do
remove Ca++ from cell
89
what does H+ K+ ATPase pump do?
controls acid base balance in the stomach and distal tubules kidneys
90
explain generally how secondary active transport works?
one solute moves along the electrochemical gradient another substance moves against the electrochemicalgradient using the stored energy from primary transport
91
Types of transporters in secondary transports
co transporters (symporters) counter transporters (antiporters)
92
what is a co-transporter/ symporter?
carries two different substances in the same direction through the membrane EX: - glucose transport in intestines and kidneys - amino acids, Cl, iron, iodine
93
what are counter-transporters/antiporters?
moves two or more different molecules or ions across the membrane in opposite directions EX: - Na+, Ca++ - 3 Na out or in and 1 Ca in opposite direction

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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