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Human Physiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what controls cell function

A

genes (DNA) segment

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2
Q

how do you get a different version of a protein?

A

RNA transcribes from the same gene

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3
Q

catalyze reactions in the cell

A

enzymes

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4
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

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5
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

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6
Q

the genetic code consists of ____ bases as a “code word” which controls the sequence of _______ in a protein molecule

A

triplet
amino acids

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7
Q

DNA vs RNA purpose?

A

DNA contains genetic code

RNA used for protein synthesis

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8
Q

DNA vs RNA location it is found?

A

DNA found in chromosomes, mitochondria

RNA found in cytosol

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9
Q

DNA vs RNA Shape and structure?

A

DNA - double helix connected by H bonds

RNA - single helix that folds upon itself

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10
Q

DNA vs RNA bases?
*the nitrogen base

A

DNA :
Adenosine - Thymine*
Cytosine - Guanine

RNA :

Adenosine - Uracil*
Cytosine - Guanine

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11
Q

difference between thymine and uracil

A

uracil lacks one methyl group

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12
Q

four types of RNA?

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
MicroRNA

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13
Q

Goal of transcription is to get DNA information to from ______ to _______

A

nucleus to cytosol

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14
Q

codon in DNA is transferred to one strand of RNA through transcription in the ______. By using ________ we then make _____ to diffuse through nucleous to cytoplasm

A

nucleus

RNA polymerase
mRNA

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15
Q

where does translation occur?

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

How does translation occur?

A

mRNA goes through ribosome and forms protein molecule
tRNA transports amino acids needed to build a protein

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17
Q

what is the manufacturing plant?

A

ribosomes

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18
Q

what happens to newly forms proteins?

A

some have amino acids on ends that immediately attach to receptors on ER

some go directly to cytosol

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19
Q

proteins that give shape and structure to cell or organelles?
example

A

structural proteins

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20
Q

proteins that catalyse biological readctions

A

enzymes

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21
Q

proteins that bind to other molecules and transmit signal

A

receptor proteins

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22
Q

proteins that have specific functions

A

functional proteins

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23
Q

what allows cells to respond to environment and differentiate. Cardiac and renal tubule cell contain same genes… how do they differentiate?

A

genetic regulation

they are expressed differently

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24
Q

how are enzymes regulated

A

intracellular chemicals act as inhibitors and activators
- enzyme inhibition
- negative feedback
- enzyme activation

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25
Q

what determines growth characteristics and reproduction of cell

A

DNA

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26
Q

what cells do not reproduce

A

neurons

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27
Q

all cells develop from the ______.

A

fertilized ovum

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28
Q

How does differentiation of a cell occur

A

pluripotent stem cell (non-specific) undergoes mitosis to turn into a specialized cell

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29
Q

the more differentiated a cell becomes the less it can ______.

A

proliferate (rapidly reproduce)

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30
Q

major stages of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. metaphase
  3. anaphase
  4. telophase
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31
Q

what is programmed cell death called and what happens

A

apoptosis

mediated by proteins called caspases (callapses cell and doesn’t damage surroundings)

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32
Q

what is cell death called that results from acute injury? and what happens

A

necrosis

contents spill into surrounding tissue causing local inflammation
adjacent cell injury

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33
Q

cell communication through gap junctions

A

directly from cell to cell

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34
Q

cell communicattion through synaptic

A

across synaptic cleft

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35
Q

cell communication through paracrine and autocrine

A

by diffusion in interstitual fluid

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36
Q

cell communication through endocrine

A

by circulating body fluids

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37
Q

how deos the cell membrane regulate the entry and exit of materials

A

selectivity filter

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38
Q

through the cell membrane’s _________ it interacts with external signal to transmit the signals into an internal message

A

communication system

39
Q

Composition of the cell membrane

A

42% lipids (phospholipids)
55% proteins
3% carbohydrates (external side of membrane)

40
Q

what make up a phospholipid?

A

glycerol, fatty acid, cholesterol

phosphate end in hydrophilic
fatty acid end is hydrophobic

41
Q

what is the charged carbohydrate coat on the outer cell?

A

glycocalyx

42
Q

the glycocalyx is ______ charged.
what is their role?

A

negatively

repell other neg charged substances
attatch cells to each other
acts as receptor, attaches to insulin
component of immune response

43
Q

cell membrane proteins that attatch loosley to the lipid surface on either side

A

peripheral

44
Q

cell membrane proteins that span the entire cell membrane

A

integral

45
Q

what do peripheral proteins used for

A

cell adhesion molecules
enzymes
controllers for substances thru membrane
cell skeleton
surface markers
antigens

46
Q

surface glycoproteins are _________.

A

cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) and complexes

47
Q

what is the purpose of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM)

A
  • hold cell/tissue together
  • regulate shape, growth, differentiation
  • help cell respond to environment
  • cell cell adhesion molecules (inflammation, wound healing, embryo development)
48
Q

what happens when cell cell adhesion molecules are not there

A

metastatic tumor cells

49
Q

four groups of cell adhesion receptors

A

cadherins
selections
igG
integrins

50
Q

receptors that facilitate movement of neutrophils through the endothelial wall.

A

cadherin receptors

51
Q

receptors that capture neutrophils move them along endothelium, platelet adherence

A

selectins

52
Q

receptors that are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and secure adhesion of neutrophils with the endothelium

A

igG

53
Q

receptor that has role in inflammation, migration of leukocytes

A

integrins

54
Q

what does mutation in cadherins do

A

promote malignent cells to invade tissue and metastasize

55
Q

role of integral membrane proteins

A

receptors
communicate between inside and outside of cell
transporters (carrier proteins)
enzymes

56
Q

over _____ of receptors for integral proteins

A

20 families

57
Q

communication processes driven by chemical messengers to mediate cell growth, differentiation, and survival

A

signal transduction

58
Q

how does signal transduction pass signal from cell to cell

A

secretory cell and receptor on surface of target cell work together

59
Q

steps of signal transduction

A

reception - signal molecule activates a specific recpor on the target cell
transduction - second messenger transmits signal into cell
response - cell changes shape movement gene expression, etc.

60
Q

what is the cell membrane inpermeable to?

A

large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids

61
Q

what is the cell membrane selectively permeable to?

A

small molecules such as ions and metabolites

62
Q

what molecules move freely across cell membrane

A

highly lipid soluble
- CO2
- ammonia
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- alcoohol

63
Q

what type of molecule rely on transport, channel, and carrier proteins to cross cell membrane?

A

water, urea

(aquaporins move water)

64
Q

type of membrane transport

A

bulk transport (endo/exocytosis)
diffusion
active transport

65
Q

what is ingestion of the cell of large substances by invagination of the cell membrane fusing to form a clathrin (protein) coated vesicle

A

endocytosis

66
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis

67
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating
large particles (bacteria)
only certain cells can do this (WBC)

68
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking
take in macromolecules (proteins) and extracellular fluid

69
Q

what is exocytosis?
How does it occur?

A

cell discharges material

  1. vesicle moves to cell surface
  2. membrane fuses
  3. material is expelled
70
Q

types of diffusion

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion

71
Q

how does simple diffusion occur?

A

occurs by kinetic movement of cells

-directly through membrane
-or through large transport protein

72
Q

how does facilitated diffusion occur?

A

requires a carrier protein that binds to the molecule and carries it in (chaperone)

73
Q

what are types of membrane channels

A

ion channels
gated chanels

74
Q

what are the types of gated channels?

A

voltage gated
ligand gated

75
Q

what is the voltage gated channel ?

A

effected by change in membrane potential
Na+, K+, Ca++
- important in nervous system

76
Q

what is a ligand gated channel?

A

intra/extra cellular binding of a regulatory molecule that allows channel to open
- hormones

77
Q

what are channelopathies?

A

complications associated with mutations of ion channel proteins

  • cystic fibrosis
78
Q

what happens with cystic fibrosis compared to normal?
Treatment?

A

CFTR gene mutation affects channels responsible for Cl transport

normal chloride transport thru CFTR protein channel maintains salt, fluis, and pH homeostasis

Treatment varies depending on affected channel

79
Q

what is Vmax?

A

and conformational change limits the rate of diffusion

In facilitated diffusion, solute cannot exceed the carrier proteins capabilities.

you reach a steady point of rate of diffusion.

80
Q

how is active transport done

A

concentration in extracellular fluid is lower than inside the cell
creates concentration gradient that will require energy for nutrient transport

81
Q

types of active transport

A

primary
secondary

82
Q

primary active transport uses energy from ?

A

from the breakdown of ATP or other high energy compounds

83
Q

Secondary active tranport uses energy from ?

A

use energy created by primary active transport that has been stored

84
Q

examples of primary active transport

A
  1. sodium potassium pump
  2. Calcium pump
  3. H+ K+ pump
85
Q

sodium potassium poump is the basis of our _____. HOW?

A

nerve function

establishes a negative electrical voltage inside the cells to transmit signals

86
Q

in the sodium potassium pump what goes in/out?

A

3 Na+ ions OUT of cell
2 K+ ions INTO cell

87
Q

how does sodium potassium pump control cell volume?

A

Na+ leaves cell and wayer follows bc fluid follows the solute.

88
Q

what does the calcium ATPase pump do

A

remove Ca++ from cell

89
Q

what does H+ K+ ATPase pump do?

A

controls acid base balance in the stomach and distal tubules kidneys

90
Q

explain generally how secondary active transport works?

A

one solute moves along the electrochemical gradient

another substance moves against the electrochemicalgradient using the stored energy from primary transport

91
Q

Types of transporters in secondary transports

A

co transporters (symporters)
counter transporters (antiporters)

92
Q

what is a co-transporter/ symporter?

A

carries two different substances in the same direction through the membrane

EX:
- glucose transport in intestines and kidneys
- amino acids, Cl, iron, iodine

93
Q

what are counter-transporters/antiporters?

A

moves two or more different molecules or ions across the membrane in opposite directions

EX:
- Na+, Ca++
- 3 Na out or in and 1 Ca in opposite direction

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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