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Human Physiology > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

the upper parts of the heart are the ________.
lower two are _______

A

atria
ventricles

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2
Q

what’s the largest and strongest part of heart?

A

left ventricle (goes to body)

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3
Q

_____ side of the heart is sending oxygenated blood out to the body.

A

left

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4
Q

______ sends blood to lungs to get oxygenated

A

right ventricle

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5
Q

____ have oxygenated
_____ have deoxygenated and brings back to heart

A

arteries
veins

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6
Q

hat is the heart/pulmonary pathway of blood?

A

left ventricle sends out oxygenated blood and crosses aortic valve into aorta to go out to body

returns thru vena cava into right atrium
goes to right ventricle through tricuspid valve

past pulmonary valve thru pulmonary artery to get oxygenated at lungs

pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to left atrium
moves to left ventricle through mitral valve

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7
Q

lungs hold ___% of total blood volume of the entire circulatory system and this is about _____ milliliters.

___ milliliters in pulmonary capillaries
___ milliliters in the pulmonary arteries and veins

A

9%
450

70
380

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8
Q

what is the functions of the pulmonary vasculature?

A

gas exchange
deliver nutrients to lung
reservoir for the left ventricle
filtering system removing from the circulation (ex: clots, air, debris)

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9
Q

what keeps the passages open to allow air in

A

cartilage rings in trachea
curved cartilage plates in bronchial alls
bronchioles kept open by pressures

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10
Q

in the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles there is _________

_______ allows moisture to protect passageways
and ______ help clear the passageway

A

smooth muscle

mucus lining
cilia

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11
Q

when air goes to bronchus, it then goes thru ______, ________, and then ______ for gas exchange

A

secondary bronchus
tertiary bronchus
alveolar sacs

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12
Q

there are control systems to maintain normal levels of ___ and ____ in arterial blood

in arterial blood we want higher ____ and lower ____

A

PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)
PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide)

higher O2
lower CO2

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13
Q

what sensors are there to detect when oxygen levels in the blood are getting low ?

A

chemoreceptors (central or peripheral)
Pulmonary receptors

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14
Q

what is the central controller of the chemoreceptors?

A

brain stem (pons and medulla)

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15
Q

what is the central controller for pulmonary receptors

A

cortex

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16
Q

what are the effectors for chemoreceptors and pulmonary receptors control system

A

respiratory muscle
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles
- abdominal muscles
- accessory muscles

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17
Q

what tests lung volume?

A

pulmonary function test (PFT)

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18
Q

at rest breathing small amount of air in and out is called?

A

tidal volume

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19
Q

if we are breathing normally and then breath out even more?

A

expiratory reserve volume
- around 1200 ml

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20
Q

breathing normally and breath in extra air as much as you can?

A

inspiratory reserve volume
- around 5700 ml

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21
Q

can you get rid of all air in lungs?

A

nope

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22
Q

__ to ___ % of energy expenditure of the body during normal respiration

A

3-5%

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23
Q

work of lungs and energy expenditure is divided into 3 parts, which are ?

A

compliance work (elastic work)
- work required to expand the lung against elastic properties

tissue resistance work
- overcome density and pull air through wet sponge lungs

airway resistance work
- pushing past air and putting more air in lung

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24
Q

breathing in and out is normally a _____ process.

movement of diaphragm downward and upward to length and shorten the chest cavity
- when contracted what occurs?

ribs move apart sideways and longways to make space for inhalation.

Elevation and depression by the___________ to increase & decrease the anteroposterior diameter of chest cavity

A

passive

contraction flattens diaphragm and create vacuum for lungs to expand with air

intercostal muscles

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25
Q

the __________ contract with upward movement of the lower ribs

A

external intercostals

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26
Q

what contracts to elevate 1st rib

A

accessory muscles
- scalenus
- sternocleidomastoid

27
Q

abdominal muscles are muscles of _______

A

expiration

28
Q

pulmonary arteriole in the alveoli structure is ______

A

deoxygenated to arteriole
(opposite of body)

29
Q

alveolar structure involves a ____ layer of ______ cells, which are type ___ alveolar cells)

type __ alveolar cells secrete _______ and there are also ________ for protection.

A

thin
squamous epithelial cells (type 1)

2
surfactant
phagocytic alveolar macrophage

30
Q

pleural cavity involves Lung floating in thoracic cavity connected only at _____ and Surrounded by thin layer of _______ (few millimeters)

A

hilum
pleural fluid

31
Q

external serous membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cavity is ?

A

Parietal pleura

32
Q

internal serous membrane attached to the surface of each lung
fluid layer that is between the parietal and visceral pleurae “pleural space”

A

Visceral pleura

33
Q

Parietal and Visceral sensitivity to pain?

A

parietal yes
visceral no

34
Q

serous membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cage and outside surface of lungs

A

pleura

35
Q

the pleura secretes ______ which decreases resistance against lung movement without breathing

A

fluid

36
Q

external shroud membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cavity

A

parietal

37
Q

internal serous membrane attached to the surface of each lung

A

visceral

38
Q

fluid layer that is between the parietal and visceral pleurae is called the _________

A

pleural space

39
Q

Relationship between changes in the ______ distending the alveoli and changes in _____________ dictates how the lungs inflate with each breath

Pleural cavity maintains a ________ pressure to keep lungs expanded
- When this pressure becomes___________ the lungs are at risk of collapse

Specific Pressures:
- Intrapleural pressure (intrathoracic)
- Alveolar pressure
- Transpulmonary pressure

A

pressure
lunch volume

negative
less negative

40
Q

Normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is between _____ and ____
During inspiration as the chest expands the pressure becomes more negative to about _______

A

-4 to -5 cmH2O

-7.5 cmH2O

41
Q

Pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli

A

alveolar pressure

42
Q

When the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs and all pressures throughout the respiratory tree = __________pressure = ____

A

atmospheric
0

43
Q

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

This causes the ___________ to become more negative, which increases the________ pressure, causing the lungs to expand

A

intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary

44
Q

The difference between alveolar and pleural pressures
Net sum of pressure forces acting against the lung tissue

A

transpulmonary pressure

45
Q

________ transpulmonary pressure holds airway open
________ transpulmonary pressure- airways collapse

A

Positive
Negative

46
Q

The ease at which something can be stretched is ____________________

Extent to which the lungs can expand with the increase in _______________________

A

Compliance
transpulmonary pressure

47
Q

The tendency for something to oppose stretch
Compliance is the inverse

A

elasticity

48
Q

lung compliance is Determined by:
- Elastic forces of the __________
- Elastic forces of the __________________
- Surfactant
- Role of the thoracic cage
________ with lower compliance

A

lung tissue
pleural fluid’s surface tension

scoliosis

49
Q

elastic forces in the lung are ______ and ________

A

elastin, collagen

50
Q

a compliant lung takes small amount of effort by diaphragm and generates small pressure changes across the lung and air moves easily

A noncompliant lung requires a large effort by diaphragm and involves a big change in pressure and small change in volume. air does not move easily, lung is ______

A

stiff

51
Q

compliance equation

A

c= v/p

52
Q

______________-lungs stiff; decreases compliance, larger pressures necessary to maintain volume

___________- lungs loose; increases compliance, small pressure difference is necessary to maintain a large volume

A

Fibrosis
Emphysema

53
Q

resistance to airflow is normally very little

Upper airways remains open by the ________(trachea/bronchi)

Bronchioles remain open due to the ___________

A

rigidity of their walls

transpulmonary pressures

54
Q

Greatest area of resistance in lungs is _________

A

Larger bronchioles, bronchi near trachea

55
Q

Disease states commonly affect ______ airways due to size, they are easily occluded by muscle contraction, edema, mucous

A

smaller

56
Q

Protein secreted by Type II alveolar cells is _______

Secreted in alveoli between ____ months of gestation

_________ the surface tension of the fluid lined alveoli

A

surfactant
6-7
decrease

57
Q

Surfactant molecules line up on the inner surface of the _______
As the lung volume decreases during expiration, adjacent surfactant molecules are __________
Surfactant molecules ____________alveoli to become smaller

A

alveoli
forced closer together
repel each other and resist the tendency of

58
Q

The amount of inspired air entering the gas exchange areas of the lungs per minute is called _____________

Some of this air never reaches these areas and this air isn’t useful exchange
Ventilation does not occur in conducting airways
Called ___________

A

alveolar ventiltion
dead space air

59
Q

dead space air includes _____ and _______

A

anatomic dead space
alveolar dead space

60
Q

anatomic dead space includes _______________
is around ____ ml in life (tends to increase with ____)
why does dead space occur ?

A

airways leading to alveoli (upper airways, trachea, bronchi)
150 ml
age
walls are too thick to allow CO2 and O2 passage

61
Q

Alveolar dead space Includes any______________

_____ mL air enters alveolar spaces but not all may participate in gas exchange

A

space occupied by non functioning alveoli
350 mL

62
Q

a alveoli may be nonfunctioning bc of lack of _______ or ______ are not functioning.

A

blood supply, shunting
Alveolar walls

63
Q

the volume of inspired air that does not contribute to gas exchange is called _______ and involves about _____ mL

this involves ______ and _______

A

physiologic Dead Space (PDS)
500 mL

anatomic and alveolar dead space

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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