Lecture 12 Flashcards
the upper parts of the heart are the ________.
lower two are _______
atria
ventricles
what’s the largest and strongest part of heart?
left ventricle (goes to body)
_____ side of the heart is sending oxygenated blood out to the body.
left
______ sends blood to lungs to get oxygenated
right ventricle
____ have oxygenated
_____ have deoxygenated and brings back to heart
arteries
veins
hat is the heart/pulmonary pathway of blood?
left ventricle sends out oxygenated blood and crosses aortic valve into aorta to go out to body
returns thru vena cava into right atrium
goes to right ventricle through tricuspid valve
past pulmonary valve thru pulmonary artery to get oxygenated at lungs
pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood to left atrium
moves to left ventricle through mitral valve
lungs hold ___% of total blood volume of the entire circulatory system and this is about _____ milliliters.
___ milliliters in pulmonary capillaries
___ milliliters in the pulmonary arteries and veins
9%
450
70
380
what is the functions of the pulmonary vasculature?
gas exchange
deliver nutrients to lung
reservoir for the left ventricle
filtering system removing from the circulation (ex: clots, air, debris)
what keeps the passages open to allow air in
cartilage rings in trachea
curved cartilage plates in bronchial alls
bronchioles kept open by pressures
in the walls of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles there is _________
_______ allows moisture to protect passageways
and ______ help clear the passageway
smooth muscle
mucus lining
cilia
when air goes to bronchus, it then goes thru ______, ________, and then ______ for gas exchange
secondary bronchus
tertiary bronchus
alveolar sacs
there are control systems to maintain normal levels of ___ and ____ in arterial blood
in arterial blood we want higher ____ and lower ____
PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen)
PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide)
higher O2
lower CO2
what sensors are there to detect when oxygen levels in the blood are getting low ?
chemoreceptors (central or peripheral)
Pulmonary receptors
what is the central controller of the chemoreceptors?
brain stem (pons and medulla)
what is the central controller for pulmonary receptors
cortex
what are the effectors for chemoreceptors and pulmonary receptors control system
respiratory muscle
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles
- abdominal muscles
- accessory muscles
what tests lung volume?
pulmonary function test (PFT)
at rest breathing small amount of air in and out is called?
tidal volume
if we are breathing normally and then breath out even more?
expiratory reserve volume
- around 1200 ml
breathing normally and breath in extra air as much as you can?
inspiratory reserve volume
- around 5700 ml
can you get rid of all air in lungs?
nope
__ to ___ % of energy expenditure of the body during normal respiration
3-5%
work of lungs and energy expenditure is divided into 3 parts, which are ?
compliance work (elastic work)
- work required to expand the lung against elastic properties
tissue resistance work
- overcome density and pull air through wet sponge lungs
airway resistance work
- pushing past air and putting more air in lung
breathing in and out is normally a _____ process.
movement of diaphragm downward and upward to length and shorten the chest cavity
- when contracted what occurs?
ribs move apart sideways and longways to make space for inhalation.
Elevation and depression by the___________ to increase & decrease the anteroposterior diameter of chest cavity
passive
contraction flattens diaphragm and create vacuum for lungs to expand with air
intercostal muscles
the __________ contract with upward movement of the lower ribs
external intercostals
what contracts to elevate 1st rib
accessory muscles
- scalenus
- sternocleidomastoid
abdominal muscles are muscles of _______
expiration
pulmonary arteriole in the alveoli structure is ______
deoxygenated to arteriole
(opposite of body)
alveolar structure involves a ____ layer of ______ cells, which are type ___ alveolar cells)
type __ alveolar cells secrete _______ and there are also ________ for protection.
thin
squamous epithelial cells (type 1)
2
surfactant
phagocytic alveolar macrophage
pleural cavity involves Lung floating in thoracic cavity connected only at _____ and Surrounded by thin layer of _______ (few millimeters)
hilum
pleural fluid
external serous membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cavity is ?
Parietal pleura
internal serous membrane attached to the surface of each lung
fluid layer that is between the parietal and visceral pleurae “pleural space”
Visceral pleura
Parietal and Visceral sensitivity to pain?
parietal yes
visceral no
serous membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cage and outside surface of lungs
pleura
the pleura secretes ______ which decreases resistance against lung movement without breathing
fluid
external shroud membrane lining the internal surface of thoracic cavity
parietal
internal serous membrane attached to the surface of each lung
visceral
fluid layer that is between the parietal and visceral pleurae is called the _________
pleural space
Relationship between changes in the ______ distending the alveoli and changes in _____________ dictates how the lungs inflate with each breath
Pleural cavity maintains a ________ pressure to keep lungs expanded
- When this pressure becomes___________ the lungs are at risk of collapse
Specific Pressures:
- Intrapleural pressure (intrathoracic)
- Alveolar pressure
- Transpulmonary pressure
pressure
lunch volume
negative
less negative
Normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is between _____ and ____
During inspiration as the chest expands the pressure becomes more negative to about _______
-4 to -5 cmH2O
-7.5 cmH2O
Pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli
alveolar pressure
When the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs and all pressures throughout the respiratory tree = __________pressure = ____
atmospheric
0
During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
This causes the ___________ to become more negative, which increases the________ pressure, causing the lungs to expand
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary
The difference between alveolar and pleural pressures
Net sum of pressure forces acting against the lung tissue
transpulmonary pressure
________ transpulmonary pressure holds airway open
________ transpulmonary pressure- airways collapse
Positive
Negative
The ease at which something can be stretched is ____________________
Extent to which the lungs can expand with the increase in _______________________
Compliance
transpulmonary pressure
The tendency for something to oppose stretch
Compliance is the inverse
elasticity
lung compliance is Determined by:
- Elastic forces of the __________
- Elastic forces of the __________________
- Surfactant
- Role of the thoracic cage
________ with lower compliance
lung tissue
pleural fluid’s surface tension
scoliosis
elastic forces in the lung are ______ and ________
elastin, collagen
a compliant lung takes small amount of effort by diaphragm and generates small pressure changes across the lung and air moves easily
A noncompliant lung requires a large effort by diaphragm and involves a big change in pressure and small change in volume. air does not move easily, lung is ______
stiff
compliance equation
c= v/p
______________-lungs stiff; decreases compliance, larger pressures necessary to maintain volume
___________- lungs loose; increases compliance, small pressure difference is necessary to maintain a large volume
Fibrosis
Emphysema
resistance to airflow is normally very little
Upper airways remains open by the ________(trachea/bronchi)
Bronchioles remain open due to the ___________
rigidity of their walls
transpulmonary pressures
Greatest area of resistance in lungs is _________
Larger bronchioles, bronchi near trachea
Disease states commonly affect ______ airways due to size, they are easily occluded by muscle contraction, edema, mucous
smaller
Protein secreted by Type II alveolar cells is _______
Secreted in alveoli between ____ months of gestation
_________ the surface tension of the fluid lined alveoli
surfactant
6-7
decrease
Surfactant molecules line up on the inner surface of the _______
As the lung volume decreases during expiration, adjacent surfactant molecules are __________
Surfactant molecules ____________alveoli to become smaller
alveoli
forced closer together
repel each other and resist the tendency of
The amount of inspired air entering the gas exchange areas of the lungs per minute is called _____________
Some of this air never reaches these areas and this air isn’t useful exchange
Ventilation does not occur in conducting airways
Called ___________
alveolar ventiltion
dead space air
dead space air includes _____ and _______
anatomic dead space
alveolar dead space
anatomic dead space includes _______________
is around ____ ml in life (tends to increase with ____)
why does dead space occur ?
airways leading to alveoli (upper airways, trachea, bronchi)
150 ml
age
walls are too thick to allow CO2 and O2 passage
Alveolar dead space Includes any______________
_____ mL air enters alveolar spaces but not all may participate in gas exchange
space occupied by non functioning alveoli
350 mL
a alveoli may be nonfunctioning bc of lack of _______ or ______ are not functioning.
blood supply, shunting
Alveolar walls
the volume of inspired air that does not contribute to gas exchange is called _______ and involves about _____ mL
this involves ______ and _______
physiologic Dead Space (PDS)
500 mL
anatomic and alveolar dead space
