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Human Physiology > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q
A
  1. kidney
  2. ureter
  3. bladder
  4. urethra
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2
Q
A
  1. nephron
  2. minor calyx
  3. major calyx
  4. papilla
  5. renal cortex
  6. renal pelvis
  7. renal medulla
  8. renal pyramid
  9. capsule of kidney
  10. ureter
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3
Q

left side then right side

A

renal artery
segmental arteries
interloper arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arterioles

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4
Q

______ nephron is when it is less deep and _____ nephron is deeper

A

cortical nephron
juxtamedullary nephron

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5
Q

starts to go in from the ______ to ______and goes out the ______ in the nephron

A

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole

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6
Q

left to right

A

glomerulus
bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
distal tubule
loop of henle

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7
Q

fluid follows _____ in osmosis

A

solute

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8
Q

__________ throughout the body have different permeability to substances and fluids.

Determined by what the organ the capillaries supply need, or the function the organ supplies to the body.

A

Capillary beds

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9
Q

In the kidneys, different areas have different permeabilities.

This includes:
_________ , ________, ________

A

Glomerulus
Proximal and Distal Tubules
Kidney Medulla

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10
Q

_______________ (beginning) - water and most solutes in the blood plasma move across the _________ wall and collects in the urinary (Bowman’s) space and then flows into the renal tubule.

A

glomerular filtration
glomerular capillary

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11
Q

______________- As fluid flows through the renal tubule substances are transported out of the tubular fluid and subsequently returned to the capillary blood which surrounds the kidney tubules

A

Tubular reabsorption

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12
Q

tubular transport can either be ___________, depending upon the transported substance and particular conditions of transport

A

active or passive

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13
Q

_______________: As fluid flows through the renal tubule and collecting duct, the tubule and duct cells secrete other waste materials.

A

Tubular Secretion

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14
Q

___________: refers to the elimination via the urine, expressed as: ______________

A

Excretion

Filtered-Reabsorbed +Secreted

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15
Q

how do new assess kidney function?

A

As clearing substances from the blood plasma (renal clearance).

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16
Q

When a certain substance is found in the urine, it is said to be cleared from the blood—a process called __________

A

renal clearance

17
Q

renal clearance equation

A

Cx= (Ux)( x )(V)
______________
Px

  • x is the substance
  • Cx is the clearance of substance x
  • Ux is the urine concentration of substance x
  • Px is the plasma concentration of substance x
  • V is the urine flow rate.
  • The product of Ux times V equals the excretion rate and has dimensions of amount per unit time
    (e.g. mg/min or mEq/day).
18
Q

amount of blood flowing into the kidney is __________

A

renal blood flow (RBF)

19
Q

renal blood flow is _____% of the cardiac output

it is ______ proportional to the pressure difference between the renal artery and renal vein.

it is ______ proportional to the resistance of the renal vasculature

A

20-25%
directly
indirectly

20
Q

______________ of renal arterioles, which leads to decreased RBF

A

Vasoconstriction

21
Q

___________ of renal arterioles, which leads to increased RBF

A

Vasodilation

22
Q

Due to the normally high ____ seen in the glomerulus of the kidney, the fluid entering the proximal convoluted tubule in just a _____ is greater than the total blood plasma volume.

Obviously a good portion of this fluid must be returned to the blood.

A

GFR
half hour

23
Q

_________ is the return of most of the filtered water and many of the filtered solutes to the blood.

A

Reabsorption

24
Q

Under normal conditions, ____% of the filtered water is reabsorbed, with the proximal convoluted tubule making the largest contribution.

Solutes are reabsorbed by both active and passive processes. These solutes include: _____

A

99%

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO42-
(bicarb and phosphate)

25
Q

As the fluid passes along the proximal tubule, cells located downstream ___ the ______ processes to maintain homeostatic balances of water and selected ions.

A

fine tune
reabsorption

26
Q

A substance being reabsorbed from the tubular fluid has two options before entering the peritubular capillaries:

It can move ____________

A

between (paracellular) or through adjacent tubule cells (transcellular)

27
Q

__________ faces and contacts the tubular fluid.
Normally has various cells surface specializations that increase absorptive surface area (e.g. microvilli) as well as some transporters.

A

Apical membrane

28
Q

_________ faces and contacts the interstitial fluid at the base and sides of the cells.
Contains different junctions, pumps and transporters such as tight junctions and the Na+/K+ pump

A

basolateral membrane

29
Q

_______ surround and join the neighboring cells to one another (much like the plastic rings that hold a six-pack of soda cans together).

A

Tight junctions

30
Q

The third major function of the nephrons and collecting ducts is________________-the transfer of materials between the blood and tubule cells into the tubular fluid.

Commonly secreted substances include: _______

A

tubular secretion

H+, K+, NH4+, creatinine, and certain drugs such as penicillin

31
Q

Two important outcomes result from tubular secretion ?

A
  1. The secretion of H+ helps control blood pH
  2. The secretion of other substances helps to eliminate them from the blood stream/body.
32
Q

Kidney acts ______ but __________

Blood volume_____, if arterioles don’t expand to meet this pressure enough (_____) then the increase in pressure causes excess volume to be excreted by the kidneys.

A

slowly
significantly

increases
capacitance

33
Q

Wait, isn’t the kidney just a filter for the blood?
- It is, but it is also the primary regulator of ________.
- Renal blood flow is significant.

A

blood volume

34
Q

Far more blood flows through the kidneys than is needed for nutrient supply and waste removal
Why?

A

Fluid regulation via filtration and reabsorption

35
Q

pressures of renal system

A

Systemic pressure (arterial) = Renal Artery pressure.
Systemic venous pressure is much lower, 3 to 4 mmHg

36
Q

Autoregulation of RBF is accomplished by ________.

A

changing or adjusting renal vascular resistance

37
Q

If ______ changes, a proportional change occurs in renal vascular resistance to maintain a constant RBF.

  • RBF remains constant over the range of arterial pressures from _____ mm Hg (autoregulation)
A

arterial pressure
80-170

38
Q

Main Mechanism for Autoregulation of RBF

A

myogenic mechanism

39
Q

what is myogenic mechanism?

A

where the renal afferent arterioles contract in response to stretch

Thus increased renal arteriole pressure stretches the arterioles, causing the smooth muscle to contract and thus increase resistance to maintain a constant RBF.

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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