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Human Physiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

A

chemical level
cell
tissue
organ
system
organism

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2
Q

level defined at atoms and molecules in the body

A

chemical level

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3
Q

level defined as basic structural and functional units

A

cell

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4
Q

level defined as groups of cells arising from common ancestor cells that work together to perform a particular function

A

tissue

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5
Q

level defined as structure composed of two or more types of tissues that have specific functions

A

organ

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6
Q

level defined as several related organs that have a common function

A

system

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7
Q

level defined as all parts of the body functioning together with one another

A

organism

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8
Q

what is the basic living unit of the body?

A

cell

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9
Q

how many functions can a cell have?

A

one or more

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10
Q

what is the most abundant cell?

A

RBC or red blood cell

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11
Q

what are the shared characteristics of all cells?

A
  1. Have metabolism - use oxygen, carbs, fats, proteins to function
  2. use the same chemical mechanism for changing nutrients to energy
  3. release end products into surrounding fluid
  4. almost all reproduce
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12
Q

what are organelles?

A

the cell membrane limited structures that carry out cell function

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13
Q

what are all the flu9ids inside the cell called?

A

protoplasm

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14
Q

how much of protoplasm is water?

A

70%

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15
Q

what else other than water is the protoplasm made up of?

A

Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbs
Ions (potassium, magnesium, phosphate,sulfate,bicarbonate, sodium, chloride, calcium) for cell reaction and control

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16
Q

what are the major divisions of protoplasm?

A

cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm

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17
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

Part of protoplasm that is exclusive of the nucleus

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18
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

(karyolymph)

fluid of the nucleus in which chromatin, nucleolus, and other elements of the nucleus are suspended (occupying)

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19
Q

membrane bound structures

A

nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
lysosome
peroxisome
plasma membrane

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20
Q

structures that are not membrane bound

A

nucleolus
ribosomes
cytoskeleton proteins

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21
Q

structures involved in protein synthesis

A

nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes
rough ER

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22
Q

structures involved in secretion

A

rough ER
Golgi aparatus

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23
Q

structures involved in metabolic reactions

A

mitochondria
peroxisomes
smooth ER

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24
Q

structures involved in digestion

A

lysosomes

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25
Q

structures involved in cytoskeleton

A

filaments
centrosome
cilia
flagella

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26
Q

what distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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27
Q

what is the control center and what does it consist of

A

nucleus

chromosomes
nucleolus

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28
Q

what is the site of ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

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29
Q

double membrane with 1000 pores that separate nucleus from the rest of the cell

A

nuclear membrane or envelope

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30
Q

what has a stress sensor which changes its shape

A

nucleolus

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31
Q

nucleolar enlargement and sources of stress

A

increased ribosomal activity
larger irregular shape

sources of stress include cardiac stress, some cold medicine

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32
Q

nucleolar disruption and sources of stress

A

shrinkage of nucleolus and unraveling of DNA

sources include hypoxia, DNA damage, genotoxic stress

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33
Q

site of protein synthesis and concentration of RNA

A

ribosomes

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34
Q

what do free ribosomes do?

A

make cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins
- such as HgB found in cytosol

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35
Q

what do bound ribosomes do?

A

on rough ER
responsible for making the remaining membrane proteins

36
Q

how do antibiotics like macrocodes, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides work

A

inhibiting bacterial ribosomes

37
Q

network of interconnected membranes that work together with the golgi aparatus

A

rough ER

38
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

make steroid molecules
metabolize carbs
glycogen breakdown
detoxify drugs and poisons

39
Q

where are smooth ER predominantly found?

A

liver cells “marker enzyme” - GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE

striated muscle (cardiac and skeletal) “sarcoplasmic reticulum” stores Ca++ necessary for muscle contraction

40
Q

membranous structure responsible for protein condensation and shipping secretory products like enzymes?

A

golgi aparatus

41
Q

what do the golgi vesicles do?

A

bud off of GA

store enzymes in inactive state (proenzymes)

secrete them where they need to go and where they can be activated

42
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

metabolic reaction like cellular respiration
breaks down glucose and fatty acids
makes ATP

43
Q

Most of the ATP is formed in the mitochondria and then used for ?

A

membrane transport
protein synthesis
muscle contraction

44
Q

what organelle have their own DNA and can replicate

A

mitochondria

45
Q

mitochondrial DNA vs nuclear DNA

A

maternal and can mutate more frequently than nuclear DNA

46
Q

What are marker enzymes

A

mark mitochondria for specificity
- succinate dehydrogenase (gastric or renal carcinomas)
- ATP synthetase
- Adenyl kinase
- creatine kinase

47
Q

folds in mitochondria are called _____.
these folds contain ______.

Why are these important?

A

cristae
- large surface area for chemical reactions

oxidative enzymes
- cause oxidation which leads to ATP

48
Q

What theory is there about peroxisomes?

A

may be formed by self replication or budding off ER

49
Q

what are peroxisomes… their role?

A

vesicles with specific enzymes (oxidases)
detoxify ETOH, break down fatty acids in
and found in liver

50
Q

peroxisome marker enzymes

A

catalase
urate oxidase

51
Q

what medication increases # of peroxisomes to help lower lipid concentrations in the blood?

A

Clofibrate

52
Q

syndrome when peroxisomes are absent

A

Zellweger’s syndrome (fatal)

53
Q

lysosomes are synthesized in the ______ and processed in the _____.

They contain _______ enzymes.

A

rough ER
GA

hydrolytic enzymes (can split organic compound) that digest old cell parts, bacteria etc.

54
Q

lysosomes marker enzymes

A

acid phosphatase
- digestive lipase converting lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

55
Q

how does the lysosome avoid breaking down itself?

A

surrounding membrane keep enzymes inside so they do not damage the cell

56
Q

lysosomal disorder

A

Tay Sachs disease

57
Q

Tay Sachs disease

A

lipid digesting enzyme is missing
= increase in lipid [ ] = interfere with normal brain function

58
Q

what is made up of protein subunits called filaments that maintain cell structure and permit cells to change shape and to move

A

cytoskeleton

59
Q

three types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

60
Q

what do Microtubules move?
what are microtubule molecular motors?

A

move mitochondria, vesicles, and chromosomes from one area to another

kinesin and dynein

61
Q

What do microfilaments move?
What are microfilaments molecular motors?

A

movement of the cell itself

linear movement

myosin (actin filaments role in muscle contraction)

62
Q

what drugs can interfere with microtubule function?

A

paclitaxel
colchicine
vinblastine

63
Q

centrosomes

A

contain centrioles
- proteins role in development of spindle fibers associated with cell division

when centrosomes duplicate and separate forming poles of miotic spindles (microtubules)

64
Q

cilia and flagella

A

attach to the cell facilitating movement

flagella limited in numbers (sperm)
cilia large in number (mucokinesis in respiratory tract)

65
Q

positive or negative movement of cells in response to release of chemical mediators

A

ameboid movement

66
Q

ameboid movement is controlled by _______.
Example would be ______.

A

chemotaxis

white blood cells

67
Q

movement controlled by ATP and adequate concentrations of magnesium and calcium

A

ciliary movement

68
Q

example of ciliary movement

A

airways
fallopian tube

69
Q

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

A

homeostasis

70
Q

Important idea when it comes to homeostasis

A

keeping a steady state over a longer period of time (not minute to minute)

energy input = energy output
construction = destruction

71
Q

condition in which contending forces are equal
and there is no net flow thru the system

A

equilibrium
NOT steady state

72
Q

the body creates homeostasis within ________, _______, and _______.

A

normal [ ] of oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, hydrogen, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

normal osmotic pressure to reduce tendency of water to move

normal temperature

73
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside cell

primarily consists of K+, Mg2+, and phosphate ions

73
Q

intracellular fluid

A

inside cell

primarily consists of K+, Mg2+, and phosphate ionse

74
Q

extracellular fluid

A

space outside the cells

made up of primarily Na+ Cl- HCO3- O2 CO2 glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

75
Q

extracellular fluid in humans comes from?

A

interstitial fluid 75-80%
plasma 15-20%
transcellular fluid 5%

76
Q

feedback system components

A
  1. sensor
  2. control center
  3. transmission pathways
  4. effector (final result of a stimulus)
77
Q

transmission pathways

A

afferent pathways
- incoming

efferent pathways
- outgoing

78
Q

what measures the value of the variable to be regulated

A

sensor

79
Q

what compares the input signal with some internal reference value

A

set point
reference value

80
Q

compares the set value and the actual measured value (the difference between them)

A

comparator

81
Q

produce some sort of output signal

A

signal pathway

82
Q

brings the vital parameter closer to the set-point

A

effector

83
Q

primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis

A

negative feedback
(reverses or shuts of stimulus)

84
Q

positive feedback

A

the result of the process amplifies the stimulus

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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