Lecture 8-10 Prokaryote Structure & Function Flashcards
1
Q
Include bacteria and archaea
A
prokaryote
2
Q
Include animals, plants, fungi, and protists
A
eukaryotes
3
Q
DNA in a prokaryote
A
one circular chromosome, not in a membrane
4
Q
DNA in a eukaryote
A
paired chromoes in nuclear membrane
5
Q
Presence of histones indicates
A
eukaryote
6
Q
Have “histone-like” proteins
A
archaea
7
Q
Prokaryotes typically don’t have
A
organelles
8
Q
Makes up cell wall in bacteria
A
peptidoglycan
9
Q
Makes up cell wall in some eukaryotes
A
polysaccharides
10
Q
Makes up cell wall in archaea
A
pseudomurein
11
Q
Binary fission
A
method in which a bacteria reproduces
12
Q
Monomorphic
A
bacteria having one shape that is genetically coded
13
Q
Pleomorphic
A
bacteria having different shapes depending on their enviroment
14
Q
rod –>
A
bacillus
15
Q
sphere –>
A
coccus
16
Q
slight bending –>
A
spiral
17
Q
one –>
A
single
18
Q
pair –>
A
diplo-
19
Q
chain –>
A
strepto-
20
Q
group of 4 –>
A
tetrad
21
Q
cluster –>
A
staphylo-
22
Q
comma-shaped –>
A
vibrio
23
Q
loose waves –>
A
spirillum
24
Q
tight waves –>
A
spirochete
25
Sugary outside of a bacterial cell wall
glycocalyx
26
2 parts of glycocalyx
capsule and slime layer
27
Capsule
neatly organized, hard to remove, attached firmly
28
Slime layer
unorganized and loose, easy to remove, extends very far out
29
Purpose of glycocalyx
allows cell to attach, protects again phagocytosis (water loss), aids in biofilm formation and pathogenesis
30
Purpose of cell wall
prevents osmotic lysis (explosion caused by water movement), provides shape and rigidity and structural support, provides protection
31
What cell wall is made of
peptidoglycan
32
The cell envelope includes
capsule, cell wall, and cell membrane
33
What is peptidoglycan
a polymer of disaccharide
34
Structure of peptidoglycan
NAG and NAM connected via a glycosidic bond beta-1,4 linkage
35
Significance of lysozyme to peptidoglycan
enzyme can break down the glycosidic bond
36
The peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria is linked via
polypeptides
37
Effect of penicillin on peptidoglycan
stops enzyme from building polypeptide bridges in Gram-positive bacteria
38
Teichoic acid
"rebarb" phosphate polymer that provides structural support in Gram-positive bacteria
39
Lipoteichoic acid
touches into cell membrane
40
The cell envelope of a Gram-negative bacteria is more like a
sandwich
41
Gram-negative bacteria have ____ peptidoglycan.
less
42
Basic structure of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall
plasma membrane --> periplasm --> peptidoglycan --> outermembrane --> lipopolysaccharides
43
Periplasm
space between plasma and outer membrane
44
2 components of Gram-negative cell wall
peptidoglycan and outer membrane
45
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
extending carbon chains from outer membrane that protect cell against entry of unwanted molecules (antibiotics)
46
What allows for the movement of H20 and uncharged molecules through the outer membrane
porin
47
3 main components of the LPS
Lipid A (anchor & endotoxin), core polysaccharide (conserved across many species), variable O-polysaccharide antigen (various depending on strain)
48
Significance of the LPS
repels hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules that may otherwise cross through the membrane
49
What are resistant to mechanical stress
Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan)
50
What excel in damp enviroments
Gram-negative
51
Components of an acid-fast cell wall
waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
52
What that have acid-fast cell walls
mycobacterium and nocardia
53
Mycoplasmas
lack cell walls, have lipids in plasma membrane, are not affected by penicillin, will not gram stain
54
Archaea are wall-less or have walls of
pseudomurein (don't have NAM)
55
Areotaxis
oxygen concentration tactic stimuli
56
Phototaxis
photon intensity tactic stimuli
57
Chemotaxis
chemical compound concentration tactic stimuli
58
flagella that are uniformly distributed over the body
peritrichous
59
one singular flagella
monotrichous
60
multiple flagella arising from the same point
lophotrichous
61
two sides flagella
amphitrichous
62
How does motility work with one peritrichous?
the bundled flagella rotate, motor changes to the other way to turn around
63
How does motility work with a reversible flagella?
the flagella rotates one direction for forward and one direction for backwards
64
How does motility work with unidirectional flagella
the flagella only rotates one way, to turn around the cell has to stop and reorientate
65
Substance that makes up a flagella
filament
66
Anchors the flagella to the outer membrane
hook
67
Bottom of the flagella connection within the membrane
basal body
68
Proteins that make up the flagella motor
mot and fli proteins
69
Protein that receives signal to turn
fli protein
70
What the motor of flagella uses as energy to turn
proton flow
71
There are fewer pili than
fimbriae
72
Is involved in surface attachment and biofilm formation
fimbriae
73
Is involved in gene transfer and surface attachment
pili
74
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