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MB351 > Lecture 8-10 Prokaryote Structure & Function > Flashcards

Lecture 8-10 Prokaryote Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Include bacteria and archaea

A

prokaryote

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2
Q

Include animals, plants, fungi, and protists

A

eukaryotes

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3
Q

DNA in a prokaryote

A

one circular chromosome, not in a membrane

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4
Q

DNA in a eukaryote

A

paired chromoes in nuclear membrane

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5
Q

Presence of histones indicates

A

eukaryote

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6
Q

Have “histone-like” proteins

A

archaea

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7
Q

Prokaryotes typically don’t have

A

organelles

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8
Q

Makes up cell wall in bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

Makes up cell wall in some eukaryotes

A

polysaccharides

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10
Q

Makes up cell wall in archaea

A

pseudomurein

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11
Q

Binary fission

A

method in which a bacteria reproduces

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12
Q

Monomorphic

A

bacteria having one shape that is genetically coded

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13
Q

Pleomorphic

A

bacteria having different shapes depending on their enviroment

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14
Q

rod –>

A

bacillus

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15
Q

sphere –>

A

coccus

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16
Q

slight bending –>

A

spiral

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17
Q

one –>

A

single

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18
Q

pair –>

A

diplo-

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19
Q

chain –>

A

strepto-

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20
Q

group of 4 –>

A

tetrad

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21
Q

cluster –>

A

staphylo-

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22
Q

comma-shaped –>

A

vibrio

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23
Q

loose waves –>

A

spirillum

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24
Q

tight waves –>

A

spirochete

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25
Q

Sugary outside of a bacterial cell wall

A

glycocalyx

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26
Q

2 parts of glycocalyx

A

capsule and slime layer

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27
Q

Capsule

A

neatly organized, hard to remove, attached firmly

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28
Q

Slime layer

A

unorganized and loose, easy to remove, extends very far out

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29
Q

Purpose of glycocalyx

A

allows cell to attach, protects again phagocytosis (water loss), aids in biofilm formation and pathogenesis

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30
Q

Purpose of cell wall

A

prevents osmotic lysis (explosion caused by water movement), provides shape and rigidity and structural support, provides protection

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31
Q

What cell wall is made of

A

peptidoglycan

32
Q

The cell envelope includes

A

capsule, cell wall, and cell membrane

33
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

a polymer of disaccharide

34
Q

Structure of peptidoglycan

A

NAG and NAM connected via a glycosidic bond beta-1,4 linkage

35
Q

Significance of lysozyme to peptidoglycan

A

enzyme can break down the glycosidic bond

36
Q

The peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria is linked via

A

polypeptides

37
Q

Effect of penicillin on peptidoglycan

A

stops enzyme from building polypeptide bridges in Gram-positive bacteria

38
Q

Teichoic acid

A

“rebarb” phosphate polymer that provides structural support in Gram-positive bacteria

39
Q

Lipoteichoic acid

A

touches into cell membrane

40
Q

The cell envelope of a Gram-negative bacteria is more like a

A

sandwich

41
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have ____ peptidoglycan.

A

less

42
Q

Basic structure of Gram-negative bacteria cell wall

A

plasma membrane –> periplasm –> peptidoglycan –> outermembrane –> lipopolysaccharides

43
Q

Periplasm

A

space between plasma and outer membrane

44
Q

2 components of Gram-negative cell wall

A

peptidoglycan and outer membrane

45
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

A

extending carbon chains from outer membrane that protect cell against entry of unwanted molecules (antibiotics)

46
Q

What allows for the movement of H20 and uncharged molecules through the outer membrane

A

porin

47
Q

3 main components of the LPS

A

Lipid A (anchor & endotoxin), core polysaccharide (conserved across many species), variable O-polysaccharide antigen (various depending on strain)

48
Q

Significance of the LPS

A

repels hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules that may otherwise cross through the membrane

49
Q

What are resistant to mechanical stress

A

Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan)

50
Q

What excel in damp enviroments

A

Gram-negative

51
Q

Components of an acid-fast cell wall

A

waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

52
Q

What that have acid-fast cell walls

A

mycobacterium and nocardia

53
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

lack cell walls, have lipids in plasma membrane, are not affected by penicillin, will not gram stain

54
Q

Archaea are wall-less or have walls of

A

pseudomurein (don’t have NAM)

55
Q

Areotaxis

A

oxygen concentration tactic stimuli

56
Q

Phototaxis

A

photon intensity tactic stimuli

57
Q

Chemotaxis

A

chemical compound concentration tactic stimuli

58
Q

flagella that are uniformly distributed over the body

A

peritrichous

59
Q

one singular flagella

A

monotrichous

60
Q

multiple flagella arising from the same point

A

lophotrichous

61
Q

two sides flagella

A

amphitrichous

62
Q

How does motility work with one peritrichous?

A

the bundled flagella rotate, motor changes to the other way to turn around

63
Q

How does motility work with a reversible flagella?

A

the flagella rotates one direction for forward and one direction for backwards

64
Q

How does motility work with unidirectional flagella

A

the flagella only rotates one way, to turn around the cell has to stop and reorientate

65
Q

Substance that makes up a flagella

A

filament

66
Q

Anchors the flagella to the outer membrane

A

hook

67
Q

Bottom of the flagella connection within the membrane

A

basal body

68
Q

Proteins that make up the flagella motor

A

mot and fli proteins

69
Q

Protein that receives signal to turn

A

fli protein

70
Q

What the motor of flagella uses as energy to turn

A

proton flow

71
Q

There are fewer pili than

A

fimbriae

72
Q

Is involved in surface attachment and biofilm formation

A

fimbriae

73
Q

Is involved in gene transfer and surface attachment

A

pili

74
Q
A
75
Q
A

MB351 (21 decks)

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