Lecture 14-15 Requirements for Growth

Question 1

Six macronutrient elements required for growth

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfure (CHNOPS)

Question 2

Mineral ions needed for growth

Answer 2

potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and chlorine

Question 3

Heterotrophs

Answer 3

other-feeding

Question 4

What heterotrophs use to supply carbon

Answer 4

organics (ex. carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids)

Question 5

What heterotrophs use to supply energy

Answer 5

the carbon source

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

self-feeding

Question 7

What autotrophs use to supply carbon

Answer 7

inorganic CO2

Question 8

What chemoautotrophs use to supply energy

Answer 8

inorganic chemicals (ex. ammonia, nitrite, iron, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen)

Question 9

What phototrophs use to supply energy

Answer 9

light as an energy source

Question 10

Nitrogen is required for

Answer 10

proteins and nucleic acids

Question 11

Nitrogen can be acquired from

Answer 11

amino acids, NH4+, NO3-, and N2-fixation

Question 12

Sulfur is required for

Answer 12

S-amino acids and vitamins

Question 13

Sulfur can be acquired from

Answer 13

sulfate or organic sources

Question 14

Phosphorus is required for

Answer 14

nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, and proteins

Question 15

Phosphorus can be acquired from

Answer 15

inorganic phosphate

Question 16

Why are trace elements needed

Answer 16

serve structural/catalytic roles in specific enzymes

Question 17

What are the three general growth factors

Answer 17

amino acids, purines/pyrimidines, and vitamins

Question 18

Obligate aerobe

Answer 18

requires oxygen to survive

Question 19

obligate anaerobe

Answer 19

will not survive in oxygen

Question 20

faculative

Answer 20

prefer oxygen but oxygen is not needed

Question 21

microaerophile

Answer 21

requires less oxygen than atmospheric levels of O2

Question 22

aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 22

tolerant to oxygen but will not thrive in oxygen

Question 23

What happens at too high of a temperature

Answer 23

protein denaturation and lysis

Question 24

What happens at too low of a temperature

Answer 24

processes are so slow that growth cannot occur

Question 25

Do all microbes have a temperature optimum?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

Likes to grow in cold temps

Answer 26

psychrophile (4°)

Question 27

Likes to grow in the middle temps

Answer 27

mesophile (39°)

Question 28

Likes to grow in the high temps

Answer 28

thermophile (60°)

Question 29

Likes to grow in extremely high temps

Answer 29

hyperthermophile (88° & 106°)

Question 30

Optimal pH is 7

Answer 30

neutrophile

Question 31

Optimal pH is less than 5.5

Answer 31

acidophile

Question 32

Optimal pH is more than 8

Answer 32

alkaliphile

Question 33

What happens when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution

Answer 33

concentration is equivalent, nothing happens

Question 34

What happens when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution

Answer 34

concentration of solute is higher, water leaves the cell, cell growth is inhibited

Question 35

halotolerant

Answer 35

tolerates an elevated NaCl concentration

Question 36

halophile

Answer 36

likes an elevated NaCl concentration

Question 37

extreme halophile

Answer 37

likes extremely elevated NaCl concentrations