Lecture 31 Mutation Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation

A

a heritable change in the genetic materialm

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2
Q

Mutant

A

a strain of any cell or virus carrying a change in nucleotide sequence

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3
Q

True or False: Mutations can be beneficial

A

True!

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4
Q

True or False: Most mutations are harmful

A

False! (most are netural)

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5
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

occur without external intervention

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6
Q

What is the mutation rate per replicated gene?

A

10^-6 (several mutations can happen in a day)

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7
Q

Induced mutation

A

Mutations due to external forces

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8
Q

Point mutations

A

mutations that change only one base pair

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9
Q

What are point mutations caused by?

A

base pair substitution

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10
Q

What are the three types of base pair substitutions?

A

missense mutation, silent, nonsense mutation

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11
Q

Missense mutation

A

result in change in amino acid; possible phenotype change

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12
Q

Silent mutation

A

no change in amino acid sequence; no phenotype change

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13
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

introduces stop codon and produces truncated protein; effect on phenotype is very likely

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14
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs; changes codon reading frame and multiple amino acids; effect on phenotype is very likely

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15
Q

Mutagen

A

agent that causes mutations; can increase mutation rate

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16
Q

Classifications of mutagens

A

1) chemical mutagens (acridine dyes, nucleotide base analogs)
2) radiation (ionizing: xray/gamma rays & non-ionizing: UV)

17
Q

True or False: bacteria have enzymes that can repair damage cause by mutagens

A

True!

18
Q

Effect of acridine dyes

A

stretches DNA

19
Q

Effect of nucleotide base analogs

A

substituted in; changes DNA base pairing

20
Q

Effect of ionizing radiation

A

hydroxyl radicals

21
Q

Effect of non-ionizing radiation

A

thymine diols

22
Q

What does recombination create?

A

new combinations of genes even in the absence of mutation

23
Q

How do mutations and recombination work together?

A

mutation and recombination fuel the evolutionary process; they provide genetic diversity