Lecture 78 Flashcards
Barro and stretch receptors in _____ arch and _____ sinus detect slight drop in BP upon standing and enact compensatory mechanisms in response to prevent _____ hypotension.
Barro and stretch receptors in the AORTIC arch and CAROTID sinus detec slight drop in BP upon standing and enact compensatory mechanisms to prevent ORTHOSTATIC hypotension.
Epi released from the adrenal medulla cannot enter into the ____ nervous system (it stays in the periphery.)
It cannot enter into the CENTRAL nervous system.
The ______ nervous system can act as a unit via Epi, but the ______ nervous system cannot - it is considered discrete (not a unit).
SYMPATHETIC can, but the PARASYMPATHETIC cannot.
_____ receptors are on cells in the ganglia of both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems, and can also be found at _____-_____ junctions. They bind the neurotransmitter _____.
NICOTINIC receptors are on cells in the ganglia of both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems, and can also be found at NEURO-MUSCULAR junctions. They bind the neurotransmitter ACh.
_____ receptors are on the effector organ cells innervated by the Parasympathetic nervous system, and bind _____, just as Nicotinic receptors do.
MUSCARINIC receptors are on the effector organs innervated by the PNS, and bind ACh, just as Nicotinic receptors do.
Nicotinic receptors are ____ channels whereas Muscarinic receptors are _____-_____ coupled receptors (there are 5 types of Muscarinic receptors.)
Nicotinic are SODIUM channels whereas Muscarinic are G-PROTEIN coupled receptors.
The postganglionic fiber in the sympathetic system is a _____ fiber. It releases the neurotransmitter _____, which binds to alpha1, beta1, and beta2 receptors on the effector organ. It can also bind to alpha2 (a prejunctional receptor) responsible for auto-regulation which causes a ______ in NE levels.
The postganglionic fiber in the Sympathetic system is a NORADRENERGIC fiber. It releases the neurotransmitter NE, which binds to alpha1, beta1, and beta2 receptors on effector organ. It can also bind to alpha2 (a prejunctional receptor) responsible for auto-regulation which causes a DECREASE in NE levels (negative feedback).
Constriction of pupil via the constrictor muscle is under control of _______ nervous system. This constriction is termed _____.
Under PARASYMPATHETIC control. This constriction is termed MIOSIS.
Dilator muscle is under control of ______ nervous system. When it contracts, the pupil dilates - this is termed ______. Drugs that cause dilation are contraindicated in people with ____-____ glaucoma (but not in ____ ____ glaucoma).
Under SYMPATHETIC control. This dilation is termed MYDRIASIS.
Angle-closure glaucoma
Open angle glaucoma
The ciliary muscle is under control of ______ nervous system. It is divided into radial ciliary and Longitudinal ciliary muscles. The radial is responsible for lens modulation (when it’s relaxed, the lens expands/thins which is better for far sight - 20ft away or greater.) When the radial ciliary muscle contracts, the lens squishes essentially, which is better for vision less than 20ft - this is called _______. The longitudinal ciliary muscle contracts whenever the radial does, but contraction of the longitudinal facilitates drainage of aqueous humor through the canal of ______ (this is transtrabecular outflow).
Under PARASYMPATHETIC control. This is called ACCOMMODATION. The longitudinal ciliary muscle contracts, facilitating drainage of aqueous humor through the canal of SCHLEMM.
The heart has mostly beta1 receptors for _____ innervation and muscarinic receptors for _____ innervation.
beta1 for SYMPATHETIC and muscarinic for PARASYMPATHETIC
CO, heart rate, SV, and systolic BP will all _____ in response to activation of beta1 receptors, and will all _____ in response to activation of muscarinic receptors.
Will all INCREASE in response to activation of beta1, and will all DECREASE in response to activation of muscarinic.
____ agonists can be give to treat glaucoma, as they would cause contraction of both the radial and longitudinal ciliary muscles. This would also cause contraction of the constrictor muscle. These patients might complain of what vision issues?
Muscarinic
Near-sightedness (contraction of radial ciliary muscle causes lens to fatten) and inability to see in the dark (contraction of constrictor muscle).
