Lecture 71 Flashcards
Hypothalamus regulates 5 basic physiological needs including:
- ____ and electrolyte composition
- ____
- ____
- ____
- Emergency responses to stress.
- BP and electrolyte composition
- BODY TEMP
- ENERGY METABOLISM
- REPRODUCTION
- Emergency responses to stress.
Sympathetic and Parasymp have ____ actions in heart and lung, _____ actions in salivary glands, and _____ actions on pupil diameter. Keep in mind that only the ______ system innervates vasculature and sweat glands.
Symp and Parasymp have OPPOSING actions in heart and lung, COMPLEMENTARY actions in salivary glands, and COOPERATIVE actions on pupil diameter. Keep in mind only the SYMPATHETIC system innervates vasculature and sweat glands.
Sympathetic innervates all areas of the heart while Parasymp (vagus nerve) innervates the SA node, AV node, and Atria, but NOT the ______. Keep in mind the Vagus (parasymp) control of the heart is GREATER than the Symp control.
But NOT the VENTRICLES
Cardiovascular control system is in the _____ _____, which sets sympathetic tone to vasculature.
Cardiovascular control system is in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA, which sets Sympathetic tone to the vasculature.
Passive vasodilation is characterized by decreased _____ receptor activity. Active dilation is characterized by increased _____ receptor activity (Circulating Epi preferentially binds these receptors –> important during exercise.)
Passive is characterized by decreased ALPHA1 and Active dilation is characterized by increased BETA2
For local vasodilation, a local substrate like endotheial-produced ACh binds its receptors on endothelial cells –> this activates eNOS (cytokines/inflammatory response activate iNOS) –> produces _____ –> which diffuses into vascular smooth muscle cell and causes it to _____ (contract or relax?). Keep in mind the increase in blood flow and its shearing force cause an increase in _____ influx, which in turn activates eNOS as well.
NO
Relax
Ca++
Bronchioles do not have _____ innervation, but ____2 receptors respond to ____, causing bronchodilation.
Bronchioles do not have SYMPATHETIC innervation, but BETA2 receptors respond to Epi
The _____ thoracic chain ganglia innervate Lung vasculature.
The UPPER thoracic chain ganglia innervate Lung vasculature.
The ___ nerve of the Parasymp innervates the bronchi causing smooth muscle ____ and ____ formation.
The VAGUS nerve of the Parasymp innervates the bronchi causing smooth muscle CONTRACTION and MUCOUS formation.
All salivary glands innervated by parasymp have M__ and M__ receptors. Parasymp produces _____ (more or less?) saliva than Symp, and it is less viscous than Symp-produced saliva.
M2 and M3 receptors.
More
Parasymp activity controlling the sphincter pupillae (constrictor) is mediated by cranial nerve ____, while Sympathetic activity controlling the Radial (dilator) muscle is mediated by the superior ____ ganglion.
Parasymp activity mediated by Cranial nerve III, while Symp activity is mediated by the superior CERVICAL ganglion.
The sympathetic post ganglionic neuron innervating sweat glands (eccrine glands) is an exception to the rule in that it is a ______ neuron that releases _____ which acts on muscarinic receptors (instead of an Adrenergic neuron releasing NE that would act on adrenergic receptors). This sympathetic activity in eccrine glands is controlled by thermo receptors in the ______ that detect body temp.
CHOLINERGIC
ACh
HYPOTHALAMUS
Eccrine glands can also respond to ___ acting on Alpha1 receptors, causing “cold sweat.”
Epi
Piloerector muscle is also only under ______ control.
SYMPATHETIC
Erection is under ____ control, while ejaculation is under ____ control.
Erection is under PARASYMP control, while ejaculation is under SYMP control.
