Lecture 7: Proteins Flashcards
What type of proteins are involved in structural roles?
Collagen/Keratin
What is the structural roles of collagen and keratin?
Bone, skin, hair, nails, tendons, ligaments
What type of proteins are involved in contraction?
Actin and myosin
What is the structural roles on actin and myosin?
Contractile proteins
What type of proteins are involved in transport?
Hemoglobin, cytochromes and lipoproteins
What are the transport roles of hemoglobin, cytochromes and lipoproteins?
O2 and CO2 transport, ETC and lipids
What type of proteins are involved in metabolic regulation?
Enzymes and hormones
What are the metabolic regulation roles of enzymes and hormones?
Nutrient anabolism and catabolism
What type of proteins are involved in immune function?
Antibodies
What are the immune function roles of antibodies?
Eliminates foreign pathogens
What is low muscle mass associated with?
Has been associated with increased morbidity, poorer quality of life and higher mortality
What is low muscle strength shown to be a significant and independent predictor of?
Mortality risk
What is the composition of amino acids?
Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and contain nitrogen
What is the composition of CHO and Fat?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen - not nitrogen
What is the structure of Amino Acids?
A carboxyl group, amine group and variable side chain
How do amino acids differ from each other?
Each AA has a different side chain
How many amino acids are there?
20
What are the 2 categories of amino acids?
Essential and non-essential
What are essential amino acids?
cannot be synthesised by the body and therefore must be consumed in the diets
What are non-essential amino acids?
can be synthesised from other amino acids via transamination
What is transamination?
a biochemical process in which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a keto acid (α-keto acid), forming a new amino acid and a new keto acid
What essential amino acids are involved in muscle synthesis?
Isoleucine and Leucine (BCAA)
What essential amino acid is involved in the blood brain barrier?
Valine (BCAA)
What is a BCAA?
Branched chain amino acid
What is a dipeptide?
Composed of a 2 AA that are joined by a chemical bond, known as a peptide bond
What is a polypeptide?
Longer chains of AA are known as polypeptides (>20 AA)
What do proteins consist of?
Many polypeptide chains
What is a primary structure?
the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
What are primary structures determined by?
the AA sequence
What is a secondary structure?
refers to the local folding of the polypeptide chain into specific shapes stabilised by hydrogen bonds.
What are secondary structures determined by?
the interactions between groups (short)
What is a tertiary structure?
overall three-dimensional shape formed by the folding and interactions of its secondary structural elements
What is a tertiary structure determined by?
interactions between side chains (3D)
Where does protein digestion begin?
In the stomach
After the stomach where is the next stage of digestion?
The pancreas
After the pancreas where is the next stage of digestion?
The small intestine
How are proteins are digested in the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid denatures the proteins and pepsin degrades proteins to large polypeptides and AA