Lecture 1a: Dietary Assessment Flashcards
What are the different nutritional assessments? (5)
- Dietary intakes
- Anthropometrics
- Biochemical analysis
- Clinical
- Environmental
What is anthropometrics?
the study of human body measurements and proportions
What is a biochemical analysis?
studying the chemical composition of food and its effects on the human body (urine, faeces etc.)
What is clinical nutritional assessment?
medical history, dietary intake, physical examination, biochemical tests, and anthropometric measurements
What is an environmental nutritional assessment?
Living situation and finances
Why do we do a nutritional assessment?
To provide a basis for a nutritional diagnosis and evaluation, identifying problems and their causes
What is over-reporting?
reporting they are eating more than they are
What is under-reporting?
reporting they are eating less than they are
What are the 4 stages of dietary assessment?
- Determine food intake
- Convert food intake into nutrient intake
- Interpret nutrient and food intake data
- Feedback
What are some direct ways to determine food intake?
Food frequency questionnaire, diet recall method and diet history, diet record
What is a food frequency questionnaire?
Participant answers questions about how often they consume particular foods/drinks
What is a diet recall?
Participants recall all foods and drinks eaten in the last 24 hours
What is diet history?
Participants answer questions about usual food intake and meal pattern, may include a short FFQ
What is a diet record?
Respondent is asked to estimate/weigh and record all foods and drinks when they are consumed over a set time period
What is the most common method for determining food intake in athletes?
Diet record method
How do technology based dietary assessment compare with traditional dietary assessment methods?
Don’t reply on memory, automatically process data but depend on nutrient database and can incur errors on input
What is the general inaccuracy of technology dietary assessment?
difference anywhere from -700 to +1000kJ
What are athlete specific issues for serving sizes?
consume large amounts over standard serves
What are athlete specific issues for snacking?
high consumption of snacks, between meals snacks are often under-reported
What are athlete specific issues for supplement use?
high in athletes (multivitamins, ergogenic aids, recovery aids etc), consumed outside meals so likely to be misreported
What formats are used to covert food intake to nutrient intake?
Food composition tables and nutrient databases
What are sources of nutrient data?
Government research laboratories, food industry, overseas values and published research
Are intake and absorption equal?
No
How do we interpret nutrient and food intake data?
NRVS
What are nutrient reference values (NRVs)?
Values based on nutritional requirements of a population (assume normal distribution)
What do NRVs take into account?
- Gender
- Age
- Pregnancy/lactation
- Growth
What don’t NRVs take into account?
- Illness, trauma or metabolic stress (exercise)
- Nutritional deficiency states
- Genetic abnormalities
What do NRVs reflect?
the nutritional requirement of healthy groups of people
What other factors influence NRV?
Bioavailability and if other nutrient requirements are met
What is bioavailability?
The % of ingested nutrient that is available
How are macronutrients affected by bioavailability?
Minimally
How are micronutrients affected by bioavailability?
greatly
How are micronutrients affected by bioavailability?
Source, form, presence of inhibitors and presence of enhancers
What is estimated average requirement (EAR)?
a daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals of a particular life stage and gender group
What is recommended dietary intake (RDI)?
the average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group
What is adequate intake (AI)?
the daily nutrient level based on observed or experimentally determined approximation of nutrient intake by a group of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate
When is AI used?
when an RDI cannot be determined
What is upper limit of intake (UL)?
the highest daily nutrient intake likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. as intake increases above UL, the potential risk of adverse effects increases
What we CANNOT say
For an individual, just because their intake is below the RDI/EAR that their intake is inadequate or that they are deficient
What we CAN say
The closer the intake is to the RDI the less likely that their intake is inadequate
How do athletes meals change between training loads?
Protein generally remains consistent, higher training = higher carbohydrate intake
How do we address food waste?
only buy what you need, process and freeze, compost, learn to cook and bake, buy less packaged foods, bring water bottle/mugs
What is hedonic hunger?
the drive to eat to obtain pleasure in the absence of an energy deficit
Why does taste matter?
Flavour fatigue, boredom, addiction
How does social media influence nutrition?
“Diet experts”, influencers, product sales/pyramid schemes
What influences access to appropriate food for sport?
Lifestyle, location, money, skills, facilities, flatmates
How to tackle time constraints?
Time management skills, cook in bulk, have quick meals and recipes on hand
