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DPT 701 > Lecture 7 mediastinum > Flashcards

Lecture 7 mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Recommendation if you have chronic severe heartburn

A

Sleep on your left side

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2
Q

The pressure of the pleural cavity

A

-4mmHg; 760mmHg atmospheric pressure, 756mmHg in pleural cavity

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3
Q

The arterial and venous ends of the heart are brought together to form the

A

transverse pericardial sinus

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4
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there

A

between 3-5

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5
Q

Where does the apex of the heart end up pointing towards

A

the fifth intercostal space

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6
Q

Cranial nerve 10 =

A

Vagus nerve

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7
Q

enlargement of the pulmonary trunk can lead to

A

pulmonary hypertension and sometimes pulmonary embolism

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8
Q

HR above 100 is classified as ; below 60 is

A

tachycardia ; bradycardia

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9
Q

abnormal swelling or bulge along the aortic wall can cause a/an:

A

aneurysm

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10
Q

Ligament connecting arch of the aorta and pulmonary trunk

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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11
Q

When and how does the heart get blood

A

The diastole (relaxation of heart) is when It get blood, and the backflow of blood opens the L+R coronary arteries to the heart

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12
Q

how many people present right bicipital groove pain with heart issues

A

1/1000

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13
Q

Location of the mediastinum

A

between the L/R lungs, superior to the diaphragm, inferior to the thoracic aperture

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14
Q

Mediastinum divisions and their contents

A

Superior: neurovascular supply

Inferior:
Anterior: thymus (children)
Middle: heart
Posterior: bronchi, trachea, esophagus

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15
Q

What separates the bronchus into the left and right bronchi

A

The carina, a cartilaginous ridge

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16
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain?

A

Superior vena cava

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17
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located

A

Middle inferior mediastinum

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18
Q

How is the heart fixed to the diaphragm?

A

Somatic structure fixes it to the central tendon of the diaphragm

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19
Q

Layers of the pericardial cavity from out to in

A

-fibrous pericardium
- parietal layer of serous pericardium (innervated by phrenic nerve; right bicipital groove pain)
- pericardial cavity
- visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)
- myocardium (cardiac muscles)
- endocardium (endothelia or specialized epithelia)

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20
Q

What synchronizes the contraction of the heart

A

the gap junctions of cardiac muscles

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21
Q

Anatomy landmarks of the heart:

A

Anterior = L/R ventricles

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22
Q

Right vs left heart

A

R: R atrium/ventricle = low O2 blood
L: L atrium/ventricle = high O2 blood

23
Q

Locations of Oblique and transverse pericardial sinus

A

Ob: apex to posterior left atrium
T: separates the veins/arteries

24
Q

The major cardiac veins and functions

A

Superior vena cava and pulmonary veins; they drain blood back into the heart

25
Q

Major cardiac arteries and functions

A

Pulmonary trunk (L/R pulmonary arteries); ascending aorta to aortic arch (R brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian); they conduct blood out of the heart to the body

26
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the right atrium auricle

A

pectinate muscle

27
Q

The crista terminalis creates a smooth connection for

A

the two vena cava

28
Q

The SA node is located at

A

the superior end of the vena cava

29
Q

Which chamber of the heart contains openings for the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus?

A

Right atrium

30
Q

The (blank) is found in the right ventricle and is located anterior to the papillary muscle

A

septomarginal trabecula or moderate band

31
Q

Popes hat/ has chrodae tendineae

A

Mitral valve

32
Q

What plane do the valves of the heart occur across

A

The coronary sulcus

33
Q

What is the function of the hearts valves

A

to prevent blood backflow

34
Q

Name the hearts valves and its locations

A

Pulmonary valve (ant, L, R) anterior

Aortic valve (L, R, Post) middle

Tricuspid/ R atrioventricular (ant, septal, post) posterior right

Bicuspid/L atrioventricular/ Mitral (ant,post) posterior left

35
Q

Auscultation of valves (locations)

A

Aortic = R 2nd intercostal space
Pulmonary = L 2nd intercostal space
Tricuspid = 5th int space, left of sternum
Bicuspid/Mitral = 5th int space, mid clavicle

36
Q

Pulmonary circulation walkthrough (exchange of O2/CO2)

A
  • Right Atrium ; low O2, High CO2
  • R ventricle
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • R/L pulmonary arteries
  • R/L lungs
  • R/L pulmonary veins
  • Left atrium ; high O2, low CO2
37
Q

Systemic circulation walkthrough/ left heart (deliver O2 and nutrition to WHOLE body except heart)

A
  • Left atrium ; high O2, low CO2
  • L ventricle
  • Ascending aorta
  • Aortic arch (brachi, carotid, subclavian)
  • Descending aorta
  • Whole body (except heart)
  • Veins drain back to sup/inf vena cava
  • Right atrium ; low O2, high CO2
38
Q

When do pulmonary and systemic circulation take place

A

They take place simultaneously

39
Q

Two special systemic circulations

A

1) nutrition in the blood (liver)
2) waste out of blood (kidneys)

40
Q

Cardiac circulation:

A

Coronary arteries are openings covered by aortic valves during systemic circulation
- R = nodal branch to SA node
- L = anterior interventricular/ L anterior descending+ circumflex branch

41
Q

Venous drainage veins and locations

A
  • great cardiac vein (anterior) - drain straight into R atrium
  • Middle cardiac vein (posterior)
  • Small cardiac vein (follows marginal branch to the coronary sinus, to the right atrium, to the inf vena cava)
42
Q

Opens the atrioventricular valves and closes the pulmonary/aortic valves

A

Diastole

43
Q

Opens the pulmonary/aortic valves and closes atrioventricular valves

A

Systole

44
Q

SA and AV node heart beat pace

A

SA node (sinoatrial) = 60-100bpm
AV node = 40-60bpm

45
Q

What makes up the cardiac muscle gap junctions

A

Purkinje fibers

46
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic innervation of heart

A

Sym: increases HR; T1-T4
- cervical/thoracic cardiac sympathetic

Para: dec HR; vagus nerve
- cerv+thoracic cardiac branches
- L vagus nerve twisted anterior, R posterior

47
Q

Visceral sensory information follows …

A

phrenic nerve to T1-T4 (symptoms of left chest and medial arm/forearm pain)

48
Q

Somatic sensory follows….

A

phrenic nerve to C3-C5 (symptoms of R/L shoulder pain and left neck/mandible pain) ; specific = R bicipital groove pain

49
Q

Umbilical circulation and umbilical vein function

A

high O2 from placenta filters through the liver; direct to the inferior vena cava through ductus venosus

50
Q

Circulatory Changes at birth

A
  • umbilical vein closes = ligamentum teres/round lig
  • ductus venosus = ligamentum venosum
  • foramen ovale = fossa ovalis
  • ductus arteriosus = ligamentum arteriosum
  • umbilical arteries to medial umbilical ligaments
51
Q

Esophagus location

A

Anteromedial to descending aorta; leaves impression on left lung; behind the L atrium at esophageal hiatus (T10 level)

52
Q

Heart burn =

A

gastroesophageal reflux at cardiac notch of stomach

53
Q

Another function of the thoracic duct

A

absorption of lipids

54
Q

Posterior mediastinum DATES

A

D= Descending aorta
A = Azygos veins
T = Thoracic duct
E = Esophagus
S = Sympathetics

DPT 701 (13 decks)

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