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Nursing > Lecture 7 - Final > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Final Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you know if it’s adequate penetration

A

Anatomic silhouettes are visible. The film appears grey around the patient and you can see your fingers behind it.

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2
Q

What do you change if the X-ray has good penetration but lacks the blackness

A

Increase mas x2

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3
Q

What do you do if the outlines are not visible in an X-ray

A

Increase KVP by 10%

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4
Q

What are the two questions to ask yourself if a X-ray is good

A

Is the film too light or too dark?

Is there proper penetration

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5
Q

What are the qualities of a quality radiograph

A

Adequate penetration, sufficient density, good scale of contrast.

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6
Q

What type of contrast do you want for soft tissue

A

Low contrast

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7
Q

What type of contrast do you want for bone

A

High contrast

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8
Q

What do radiopaque areas appear

A

White

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9
Q

What color are radiolucent areas

A

Black

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10
Q

Describe a positive contrast agent

A

Absorb more X-rays than soft tissue or bone. Contains element with a high density

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11
Q

Describe negative contrast agents

A

Do not absorb X-rays. Appear black

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12
Q

What are some advantages to barium sulfate as a positive contrast media

A

Insoluable and not diluted by gastric secretions ➡️ ideal for gi studies
Inexpensive

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13
Q

What is the disadvantage of barium sulfate

A

The body cannot eliminate it since it is insoluable so if there is GI perforation it will not be absorbed and can cause irritations and cause risk of peritonitis reactions.
Can take 3 hrs or more to travel from stomach to colon.

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14
Q

When can you not use barium sulfate

A

When there is a GI perforation

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15
Q

What are organic iodides

A 
Positive contrast medium
Opaque 
Easily injected
Well tolerated 
Water soluable: kidneys 
CAN BE EITHER IONIC OR NONIONIC
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16
Q

Why would you use a PO formulation of a water soluable organic ionic iodide

A

For contrast studies of GI tract when GI tract perforation is suspected

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17
Q

Why would you use an IV formulation of water soluable organic ionic iodides

A

To inject into a hollow organ such as bladder or an IV.

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18
Q

Why isn’t iv formulation of water soluable organic ionic iodides used for myelography

A

Because it is irritating to the brain and the spinal cord

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19
Q

What does rapid large IV bolus of water soluble organic ionic iodides cause

A

Vomiting and decreased blood pressure. Give a slow bolus

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20
Q

What are water soluble organic non-ionic iodides used for

A

Myelography since it costs a lot of money

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21
Q

What is myelography

A

To be injected into the sub arachnoid space the compartment within the spinal column which contains the cerebral spinal fluid

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22
Q

What can be used as a negative contrast media with gas

A

Air, O2, N2, N2O, CO2

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23
Q

Why must you not over inflate the organs when doing a negative contrast media with gas

A

Ulcerative lesions that causes the organ to rupture and cause an air embolism

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24
Q

What are the negative and positive components to a double contrast procedure

A

Negative: air
Positive: water soluble organic ionic iodide

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25
Q

With what organs would you do a double contrast procedure

A

The urinary bladder, the stomach, the colon

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26
Q

How do you perform a double contrast procedure

A

Inject the negative contrast medium first such as the air.

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27
Q

Why do inject the negative contrast medium first in double contrast procedures

A

Can cause air bubbles to form and misinterpretation

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28
Q

How do you introduce contrast media

A

Oral administration or orogastric tube to prevent aspiration

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29
Q

Why are radiographs taken at intervals during contrast studies of the digestive system

A

Changes in morphology, rate of gastric emptying, small bowel transit time.

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30
Q

What are the warnings in contrast studies

A

Aspiration pneumonia, if you suspect perforation use an organic ionic iodide

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31
Q

How long should the patient be fasted before a contrast study

A

12 to 24 hours fasted

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32
Q

Do you use an enema in the contrast study

A

You may or may not use it depending.

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33
Q

Do use anesthetic in a contrast media

A

No because it alters gastric motility

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34
Q

Why is atropine or glycopyrrolate contra indicated when you’re doing contrast studies

A

It’s an anti-cholinergic drug that increases heart rate and decreases saliva it also relaxes the smooth muscle so it slows down gastric motility

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35
Q

Which anesthetic is okay for dogs in contrast studies

A

Ace promazine. Minimal facts on gastric motility in the dog. significantly shortened the transit time for cats. If gastric motility is a concern do not use Acepromazine in the cat.

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36
Q

What sedative is okay to use in a cat for contrast studies instead of Acepromazine

A

Ketamine

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37
Q

Why do you do a esophgography

A

To evaluate oesophageal function and structural alterations.

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38
Q

Why would you do a esophagography

A

Regurgitation of undigested food, acute gagging, dysphasia

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39
Q

Describe the contrast medium in an esophgography

A

Positive contrast medium. Barium sulfate paste mixed with canned food, if you suspect perforation use water soluble organic ionic iodide. Give it directly by the mouth with a syringe or an orogastric tube

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40
Q

What x-ray views are required when doing an esophagography

A

Lateral and VD of cervical and thoracic area including total length of esophagus

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41
Q

When do you do a ugi study

A

To evaluate stomach and small intestine, not the colon.

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42
Q

Why would you do a ugi

A

In the presence of reoccurring chronic vomiting. when suspecting obstruction by radiolucent foreign body into the stomach or small intestines. when suspecting wall lesions such as neoplasia

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43
Q

What is the contrast media used for the UGI study

A

Positive contrast agent barium sulfate 30% liquid diluted with one-to-one water. Water-soluble organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation

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44
Q

What is the quantity of contrast media to give for a UGI study

A

3 to 5 mL per pound

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45
Q

How do you give the contrast media for a UGI study

A

By Mouth or by an orogastric tube

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46
Q

What materials do you need to perform a UTI a study by mouth

A

Large dose syringe filled with the barium and administer directly into the mouth.

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47
Q

What materials are used for orogastric intubation for UTI study

A

Introduce an orange feeding tube into her stomach then connect the syringe filled with the appropriate quantity of barium

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48
Q

Perform the procedure for UTI study

A

Radiographs are made during transit of contrast to the stomach and small intestine until it reaches the colon. You need to do multiple x-rays at zero, 15, 30, 60, 90 +/- 180 min. Must do vd and lateral each time

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49
Q

Why do you do a Gastrography

A

To evaluate size shape and morphology of the stomach.

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50
Q

Why do you do a Gastrography

A

Acute or chronic vomiting, mass, foreign body, obstruction, cranial abdominal pain

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51
Q

Which contrast media do use for Gastrography

A

+ barium sulfate suspension 60%
+ water soluble in organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation
- air.
Double contrast agents

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52
Q

What is an LG I study used for

A

Introduction of a contrast media into the rectum, colon or caecum to study their position or Contour

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53
Q

Why do you do in LGI study

A

For diarrhea, tenesmus, blood, colitis, obstruction, neoplasia, to detect intussusceptions.

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54
Q

What is tenesmus

A

Forcing to pAss stools

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55
Q

What is intussuceptions

A

Intestines rolling inside itself

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56
Q

What is the contrast media used for a LGI study

A

+ barium sulfate 20% (60% diluted with saline)

- or double contrasts.

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57
Q

How do you introduce the Contrast medium into the LGI study

A

By Foley catheter. Requires general anesthesia

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58
Q

What composes the upper urinary tract system

A

The kidneys and ureters

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59
Q

What composes the lower urinary tract system

A

Bladder and urethra

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60
Q

Why do we do a contrast study of the urinary tract

A

Indicated in patients with chronic problems such as chronic hematuria, protein urea, Crystalluria, polyuria, dysuria

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61
Q

What is a Cystography

A

Introduction of a contrast media into the bladder via the urinary catheter

62
Q

Why would you do his cystography

A

Cystic calculi, neoplasia, bladder rupture, bladder wall anomaly

63
Q

What does rapid large IV bolus of water soluble organic ionic iodides cause

A

Vomiting and decreased blood pressure. Give a slow bolus

64
Q

What are water soluble organic non-ionic iodides used for

A

Myelography since it costs a lot of money

65
Q

What is myelography

A

To be injected into the sub arachnoid space the compartment within the spinal column which contains the cerebral spinal fluid

66
Q

What can be used as a negative contrast media with gas

A

Air, O2, N2, N2O, CO2

67
Q

Why must you not over inflate the organs when doing a negative contrast media with gas

A

Ulcerative lesions that causes the organ to rupture and cause an air embolism

68
Q

What are the negative and positive components to a double contrast procedure

A

Negative: air
Positive: water soluble organic ionic iodide

69
Q

With what organs would you do a double contrast procedure

A

The urinary bladder, the stomach, the colon

70
Q

How do you perform a double contrast procedure

A

Inject the negative contrast medium first such as the air.

71
Q

Why do inject the negative contrast medium first in double contrast procedures

A

Can cause air bubbles to form and misinterpretation

72
Q

How do you introduce contrast media

A

Oral administration or orogastric tube to prevent aspiration

73
Q

Why are radiographs taken at intervals during contrast studies of the digestive system

A

Changes in morphology, rate of gastric emptying, small bowel transit time.

74
Q

What are the warnings in contrast studies

A

Aspiration pneumonia, if you suspect perforation use an organic ionic iodide

75
Q

How long should the patient be fasted before a contrast study

A

12 to 24 hours fasted

76
Q

Do you use an enema in the contrast study

A

You may or may not use it depending.

77
Q

Do use anesthetic in a contrast media

A

No because it alters gastric motility

78
Q

Why is atropine or glycopyrrolate contra indicated when you’re doing contrast studies

A

It’s an anti-cholinergic drug that increases heart rate and decreases saliva it also relaxes the smooth muscle so it slows down gastric motility

79
Q

Which anesthetic is okay for dogs in contrast studies

A

Ace promazine. Minimal facts on gastric motility in the dog. significantly shortened the transit time for cats. If gastric motility is a concern do not use Acepromazine in the cat.

80
Q

What sedative is okay to use in a cat for contrast studies instead of Acepromazine

A

Ketamine

81
Q

Why do you do a esophgography

A

To evaluate oesophageal function and structural alterations.

82
Q

Why would you do a esophagography

A

Regurgitation of undigested food, acute gagging, dysphasia

83
Q

Describe the contrast medium in an esophgography

A

Positive contrast medium. Barium sulfate paste mixed with canned food, if you suspect perforation use water soluble organic ionic iodide. Give it directly by the mouth with a syringe or an orogastric tube

84
Q

What x-ray views are required when doing an esophagography

A

Lateral and VD of cervical and thoracic area including total length of esophagus

85
Q

When do you do a ugi study

A

To evaluate stomach and small intestine, not the colon.

86
Q

Why would you do a ugi

A

In the presence of reoccurring chronic vomiting. when suspecting obstruction by radiolucent foreign body into the stomach or small intestines. when suspecting wall lesions such as neoplasia

87
Q

What is the contrast media used for the UGI study

A

Positive contrast agent barium sulfate 30% liquid diluted with one-to-one water. Water-soluble organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation

88
Q

What is the quantity of contrast media to give for a UGI study

A

3 to 5 mL per pound

89
Q

How do you give the contrast media for a UGI study

A

By Mouth or by an orogastric tube

90
Q

What materials do you need to perform a UTI a study by mouth

A

Large dose syringe filled with the barium and administer directly into the mouth.

91
Q

What materials are used for orogastric intubation for UTI study

A

Introduce an orange feeding tube into her stomach then connect the syringe filled with the appropriate quantity of barium

92
Q

Perform the procedure for UTI study

A

Radiographs are made during transit of contrast to the stomach and small intestine until it reaches the colon. You need to do multiple x-rays at zero, 15, 30, 60, 90 +/- 180 min. Must do vd and lateral each time

93
Q

Why do you do a Gastrography

A

To evaluate size shape and morphology of the stomach.

94
Q

Why do you do a Gastrography

A

Acute or chronic vomiting, mass, foreign body, obstruction, cranial abdominal pain

95
Q

Which contrast media do use for Gastrography

A

+ barium sulfate suspension 60%
+ water soluble in organic ionic iodide if suspected perforation
- air.
Double contrast agents

96
Q

What is an LG I study used for

A

Introduction of a contrast media into the rectum, colon or caecum to study their position or Contour

97
Q

Why do you do in LGI study

A

For diarrhea, tenesmus, blood, colitis, obstruction, neoplasia, to detect intussusceptions.

98
Q

What is tenesmus

A

Forcing to pAss stools

99
Q

What is intussuceptions

A

Intestines rolling inside itself

100
Q

What is the contrast media used for a LGI study

A

+ barium sulfate 20% (60% diluted with saline)

- or double contrasts.

101
Q

How do you introduce the Contrast medium into the LGI study

A

By Foley catheter. Requires general anesthesia

102
Q

What composes the upper urinary tract system

A

The kidneys and ureters

103
Q

What composes the lower urinary tract system

A

Bladder and urethra

104
Q

Why do we do a contrast study of the urinary tract

A

Indicated in patients with chronic problems such as chronic hematuria, protein urea, Crystalluria, polyuria, dysuria

105
Q

What is a Cystography

A

Introduction of a contrast media into the bladder via the urinary catheter

106
Q

Why would you do his cystography

A

Cystic calculi, neoplasia, bladder rupture, bladder wall anomaly

107
Q

What is the positive contrast medium used in a cystography

A

Water soluable organic ionic iodide.

108
Q

What is the negative contrast media used in a cystography

A

Air.

109
Q

What is a urethrography

A

Filling the urethra with a contrast medium

110
Q

Why would you do a urethrography

A

Calculus, to detect urethral trauma. Stricture, obstruction.

111
Q

What is the positive contrast media used in a urethrography

A

Water soluable organic ionic iodide

112
Q

What is the negative contrast medium use in a urethrography

A

Air

113
Q

What is an excretory urography

A

Iv injection of a cm into venous blood gets filtered out and collected by kidneys.

114
Q

Why do you do an excretory urography

A

To evaluate renal function and ureters. To see kidney structure and kidney capacity to concentrate and excrete urine

115
Q

What is the contrast medium used in an excretory urography

A

Sterile water soluable iodinated contrast medium

116
Q

What are 5 typical properties of an ideal contrast medium

A

Non irritating or toxic side effects.

Accurate delineation of the organ. Persistence for sufficient time to take radiographs, total expulsion from body.

117
Q

Why do you do a negative contrast studies

A

Show the location, size and wall thickness of the organ.

118
Q

What is a positive contrast study

A

Best way of detecting a small defect in the wall of the organ as minor contrast leakage is easily seen

119
Q

What is a double contrast study

A

Uses a small amount of positive contrast medium to coat the mucosal surface of a hollow organ such as the bladder. Followed by the distension with air.

120
Q

What is cr

A

Computed radiography

121
Q

What is computed radiography

A

Uses storage phosphor image plates that are exposed and then undergo a seperate image readout process. The image plate is contained in a cassette

122
Q

What is Dr

A

Direct radiography

123
Q

What is direct radiography

A

Convert X-ray into electrical charges more or less directly, enabling almost instantaneous readout. Uses no cassette.

124
Q

What is a fluroscopy

A

Uses X-rays to obtain real time moving images

125
Q

What is a cat scan

A

X-ray generating tube that makes a continuous circular movement around the patient. Mathematically reconstruct a cross sectional image of a body area

126
Q

What is a mri

A

Magnetic resonance imaging. Uses magnets and radiowaves to make the image. No X-ray produced.

127
Q

What is ultrasound used for

A

Displays the soft tissue textures and dynamics of some organs.

128
Q

How are sound waves classified

A

By wavelength
Frequency
Velocity

129
Q

What is a wavelength

A

Distance from one band of compression to the next. Have a shorter wavelength than audible sound.

130
Q

What is the frequency defined as

A

Number of complete waveforms per unit of time

131
Q

Describe the relationship between frequency and wavelength

A

Inversely proportional . As the frequency increases the wavelength decreases

132
Q

Describe the sound waves used by an ultrasound

A

High frequency sound waves

133
Q

What does an ultrasound transducter probe do

A

Produces the ultrasound beam. Produces low intensity, high frequency sound waves.

134
Q

Describe how the ultrasound probe works

A

It has piezoelectric crystals. When an electrical current runs through the crystals they vibrate and produce sound waves. When they’re stuck by the returning echoes the crystals convert the echoes to electrical energy

135
Q

What type of energy is ultrasound based on

A

Reflected energy

136
Q

What type of energy is radiology based on

A

Transmitted energy

137
Q

What does echogenic mean

A

That most of the sound is reflected back to the transducter. Appears white on the screen.

138
Q

What does anechoic mean

A

Describes the tissues that transmit the sound to the deeper tissues and reflecting none of the sound back to the transducter. The area appears black on the screen and they’re usually an organs fluids

139
Q

What does hypoechoic mean

A

Describes tissues that reflect less sound back to the transductor than the surrounding tissues. They appear darker than the surrounding tissues and have a low level of grey compared to adjacent tissues.

140
Q

What is hyperechoic

A

Describes tissues that reflect more sound back than the surrounding tissues. Reflects very white echoes and causes acoustic shadowing

141
Q

What is an example of a hypoechoic item

A

Hematoma

142
Q

What is an example of a hyperechoic item

A

Air, bone, bladder stones etx.

143
Q

What is isoechoic items

A

Items with the same echo texture as the surrounding tissues.

144
Q

Why do we clip an animals hair for ultrasound

A

Interferes with image and decreases quality

145
Q

Why do we use acoustic gel on the ultrasound probe

A

To increase contact surfaces

146
Q

Why do you avoid barium or topical products with zinc when doing an ultrasound

A

Will interfere with sound transmission

147
Q

If you’re doing an abdominal ultrasound do you have to fast

A

Yes for 12hr to allow visualization of stomach.

148
Q

What can an ultrasound be used to see

A 
Abdominal organs
Heart
Eye and surrounding structures 
Soft tissues around spine and extremities
Tendons and muscles.
149
Q

What are some advantages to ultrasound

A

Provide information about organ architecture. Helpful is debilitated or young patients where you Cannot use contrast medium. Able to distinguish solid masses from ones containing fluid. Can do cytology

150
Q

What are some disadvantages to ultrasound

A

Gas gets in the way of imaging.
Approach is more difficult in a big dog
Great equipment cost
Require lots of training

Nursing (16 decks)

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