Lecture 7 2/5/24 Flashcards
What is hemorrhage?
escape of blood from the cardiovascular system in a living organism
What is epistaxis?
bleeding from the nose
What is hemoptysis?
coughing blood
What is hematemesis?
vomiting blood
What is hematuria?
urinating blood
What is hematochezia?
fresh blood in feces/problem in colon
What is melena?
digested blood in feces/problem early in GI tract
What are the three destinations of hemorrhage?
-outside the body
-into body cavity
-into tissue
What is a hematoma?
solid, tumor-like swelling of clotted blood within tissue
What is a subdural hematoma?
hematoma beneath the meninges of the brain or spinal cord
What is the pathogenesis of splenic hematoma?
-nodular lymphoid hyperplasia alters blood flow
-altered blood flow leads to hematoma
-hematoma can rupture and lead to hemoabdomen
Which two destinations for hemorrhage will lead to the recycling of blood components?
-body cavities
-tissue
What are the characteristics of petechial hemorrhage?
-pinpoint to <2mm in size
-often due to a platelet problem
What are the characteristics of ecchymotic hemmorhage?
-3mm to 3cm
-flat, red foci
What are the characteristics of paintbrush hemorrhage?
-linear streaks
-can indicate massive blood loss when seen on diaphragm
What are the three factors that determine the significance of hemorrhage?
-location
-rate of loss
-quantity
When is hemorrhage more significant, based on location?
when it occurs into restricted spaces or sensitive tissues
When is pancreatic hemorrhage a significant finding?
when related to rodenticide toxicity
Why is hemorrhage associated with pancreatitis significant?
it indicates that the pancreatitis and hemorrhage were an acute issue
How does rate impact hemorrhage severity?
-rapid blood lose can lead to hypovolemic shock when 1/3 of blood volume is lost
-with slow blood loss, animal may be able to compensate for losing up to 50% of blood volume
What happens during slow blood loss that allows an animal to compensate?
-increased hematopoiesis
-increased resp. rate
-decreased activity
What is shock?
cardiovascular collapse/inability to send blood throughout body
What are the three types of distributive shock?
-anaphylactic
-neurogenic
-septic
What is the end result of any type of shock?
decreased tissue perfusion
What causes cardiogenic shock?
reduced cardiac output
What causes hypovolemic shock?
loss of circulating blood volume
What causes anaphylactic shock?
system wide vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
What causes neurogenic shock?
damage to CNS that results in loss of vascular tone
What causes septic shock?
systemic inflammatory response and circulatory failure due to systemic infection
What is the pathogenesis of shock?
-infectious organism (often gram - bact.) in bloodstream
-elaboration of toxin
-toxin activates inflammatory response
-activated endothelium and inflammatory cells release cytokines
-cytokines cause systemic vasodilation, damage to endothelial cells, and activation of coagulation cascade
Which types of shock can be seen in parvovirus and why?
-hypovolemic: animals are very dehydrated
-septic: bacteria from intestine can get into bloodstream through damaged intestinal lining
What is a toxic line?
purple line around the teeth that can indicate septic/endotoxic shock
What is the main treatment for shock?
administration of fluids
Why does the body have the ability to develop shock?
locally, the process works well to treat infection
