Lecture 7 2/5/24

Question 1

What is hemorrhage?

Answer 1

escape of blood from the cardiovascular system in a living organism

Question 2

What is epistaxis?

Answer 2

bleeding from the nose

Question 3

What is hemoptysis?

Answer 3

coughing blood

Question 4

What is hematemesis?

Answer 4

vomiting blood

Question 5

What is hematuria?

Answer 5

urinating blood

Question 6

What is hematochezia?

Answer 6

fresh blood in feces/problem in colon

Question 7

What is melena?

Answer 7

digested blood in feces/problem early in GI tract

Question 8

What are the three destinations of hemorrhage?

Answer 8

-outside the body
-into body cavity
-into tissue

Question 9

What is a hematoma?

Answer 9

solid, tumor-like swelling of clotted blood within tissue

Question 10

What is a subdural hematoma?

Answer 10

hematoma beneath the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

Question 11

What is the pathogenesis of splenic hematoma?

Answer 11

-nodular lymphoid hyperplasia alters blood flow
-altered blood flow leads to hematoma
-hematoma can rupture and lead to hemoabdomen

Question 12

Which two destinations for hemorrhage will lead to the recycling of blood components?

Answer 12

-body cavities
-tissue

Question 13

What are the characteristics of petechial hemorrhage?

Answer 13

-pinpoint to <2mm in size
-often due to a platelet problem

Question 14

What are the characteristics of ecchymotic hemmorhage?

Answer 14

-3mm to 3cm
-flat, red foci

Question 15

What are the characteristics of paintbrush hemorrhage?

Answer 15

-linear streaks
-can indicate massive blood loss when seen on diaphragm

Question 16

What are the three factors that determine the significance of hemorrhage?

Answer 16

-location
-rate of loss
-quantity

Question 17

When is hemorrhage more significant, based on location?

Answer 17

when it occurs into restricted spaces or sensitive tissues

Question 18

When is pancreatic hemorrhage a significant finding?

Answer 18

when related to rodenticide toxicity

Question 19

Why is hemorrhage associated with pancreatitis significant?

Answer 19

it indicates that the pancreatitis and hemorrhage were an acute issue

Question 20

How does rate impact hemorrhage severity?

Answer 20

-rapid blood lose can lead to hypovolemic shock when 1/3 of blood volume is lost
-with slow blood loss, animal may be able to compensate for losing up to 50% of blood volume

Question 21

What happens during slow blood loss that allows an animal to compensate?

Answer 21

-increased hematopoiesis
-increased resp. rate
-decreased activity

Question 22

What is shock?

Answer 22

cardiovascular collapse/inability to send blood throughout body

Question 23

What are the three types of distributive shock?

Answer 23

-anaphylactic
-neurogenic
-septic

Question 24

What is the end result of any type of shock?

Answer 24

decreased tissue perfusion

Question 25

What causes cardiogenic shock?

Answer 25

reduced cardiac output

Question 26

What causes hypovolemic shock?

Answer 26

loss of circulating blood volume

Question 27

What causes anaphylactic shock?

Answer 27

system wide vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Question 28

What causes neurogenic shock?

Answer 28

damage to CNS that results in loss of vascular tone

Question 29

What causes septic shock?

Answer 29

systemic inflammatory response and circulatory failure due to systemic infection

Question 30

What is the pathogenesis of shock?

Answer 30

-infectious organism (often gram - bact.) in bloodstream
-elaboration of toxin
-toxin activates inflammatory response
-activated endothelium and inflammatory cells release cytokines
-cytokines cause systemic vasodilation, damage to endothelial cells, and activation of coagulation cascade

Question 31

Which types of shock can be seen in parvovirus and why?

Answer 31

-hypovolemic: animals are very dehydrated
-septic: bacteria from intestine can get into bloodstream through damaged intestinal lining

Question 32

What is a toxic line?

Answer 32

purple line around the teeth that can indicate septic/endotoxic shock

Question 33

What is the main treatment for shock?

Answer 33

administration of fluids

Question 34

Why does the body have the ability to develop shock?

Answer 34

locally, the process works well to treat infection