Lecture 10 2/16/24

Question 1

What leads to exudate?

Answer 1

accumulation of edema fluid, fibrin, and neutrophils in the extracellular space

Question 2

Which cause of edema leads to exudate?

Answer 2

increased vascular permeability/inflammation

Question 3

What are the characteristics of exudate?

Answer 3

-high protein conc.
-lots of cells and debris
-high specific gravity
-cloudy appearance

Question 4

How does vasculitis differ from vascular permeability?

Answer 4

-vasculitis is an inflammatory response that targets the wall of the blood vessel
-vascular permeability is not associated with damage to the vessel

Question 5

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 5

migration of leukocytes to the site of injury following a concentration gradient of chemokines and chemoattractants

Question 6

Which chemokines are important for chemotaxis?

Answer 6

-IL-8: neutrophils/leukocytes
-IL-16: CD4+ T cells
-IL-17: monocytes/neutrophils
-chemerin: DCs and macrophages

Question 7

What role does the leukotriene LTB4 play in chemotaxis?

Answer 7

-made by neutrophils
-recruits more neutrophils and macrophages

Question 8

What are the characteristics of phagocytosis?

Answer 8

-carried out by neutrophils and macrophages
-cells eat organisms and cellular/necrotic debris
-specific process involving recognition, attachment, and opsonins

Question 9

What are the general steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 9

-recognition and attachment
-engulfment
-killing and degradation

Question 10

What are the effects of sloppy phagocytosis?

Answer 10

cell death and degradation of extracellular matrix due to intracellular/extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes

Question 11

What are the characteristics of serous inflammation?

Answer 11

-leakage/accumulation of fluid with low plasma protein and no/few leukocytes
-practically transudates
-seen with thermal injury to skin and acute allergic responses

Question 12

What are the characteristics of catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 12

-secretion/accumulation of thick, gelatinous fluid containing abundant mucus/mucins
-occurs in tissue with abundant goblet cells/mucous glands
-seen with chronic allergic and autoimmune disease

Question 13

What are the characteristics of fibrinous inflammation?

Answer 13

-accumulation of fluid with high plasma proteins and no to few leukocytes
-lots of fibrin
-primarily on serous membranes of body cavities
-due to increased vascular permeability
-can be infectious or non-infectious in cause

Question 14

What are the characteristics of fibrinous/fibrinonecrotic inflammation?

Answer 14

-fibrin covering an ulcer
-plaque of fibrin, neutrophils, and necrotic material
-typically on mucosal surfaces

Question 15

What are the characteristics of hemorrhagic inflammation?

Answer 15

-involves hemorrhage
-often seen with necrosis (necrohemorrhagic)
-necrosis erodes blood vessels

Question 16

How does hemorrhage differ from hemorrhagic inflammation?

Answer 16

-hemorrhage simply involves damage to blood vessel and blood leaking into tissues
-hemorrhagic inflammation is due to triggering of immune response and is often associated with necrosis of tissue

Question 17

What are the characteristics of necrotizing inflammation?

Answer 17

-involves necrosis
-usually in response to physical trauma
-can be fibrinonecrotizing or necrohemorrhagic

Question 18

How does necrosis differ from necrotizing inflammation?

Answer 18

-necrosis is simply cell death due to a variety of causes
-necrotizing inflammation involves necrosis and inflammation, with vessel damage leading to fibrin and blood leakage

Question 19

What are the characteristics of suppurative/neutrophilic/pyo-inflammation?

Answer 19

-accumulation of fluid with high conc. of plasma protein and high numbers of leukocytes/neutrophils
-usually in response to bacteria
-pus/purulent
-can be mixed with fibrin or necrosis

Question 20

How does suppurative differ from neutrophilic?

Answer 20

-suppurative occurs when pus has formed, causing tissue destruction
-neutrophilic is when neutrophils are just “hanging” out” in tissues

Question 21

Why do avian/exotic species with heterophils not have suppurate/pus-associated inflammation?

Answer 21

-lack myeloperoxidase
-do not liquefy exudate

Question 22

Which steps of inflammation lead to serous, fibrinous, hemorrhagic, or necrotizing inflammation?

Answer 22

-initiation
-vasodilation
-increased vascular permeability

Question 23

Which steps of inflammation lead to suppurative inflammation?

Answer 23

-activation of leukocytes
-diapedesis
-chemotaxis
-phagocytosis

Question 24

Which types of inflammation occur with a mix of all steps of inflammation?

Answer 24

-fibrinosuppurative
-necrosuppurative
-necrohemorrhagic

Question 25

What are the potential next steps following acute inflammation?

Answer 25

-resolution
-progression to chronic inflammation
-healing/repair

Question 26

What occurs during resolution?

Answer 26

-removal of inciting agent
-neutralization of inflamm. mediators
-return of vascular integrity
-leukocytes stop transmigrating
-apoptosis of neutrophils
-removal of edema fluid/leukocytes/foreign material/necrotic debris by macrophages and lymphatic system

Question 27

Which type of agents lead to resolution?

Answer 27

short-lived, rapidly decayed agents

Question 28

What is an abscess?

Answer 28

a circumscribed collection of pus with marked neutrophilic response

Question 29

What is important about the fibrous capsule surrounding an abscess?

Answer 29

indicates chronicity