Lecture 6 2/2/24 Flashcards
What is edema?
accumulation of excess watery fluid in the interstitial space or body cavities
Which type of barrier is involved in inflammatory edema?
physical barriers: vascular wall
Which type of barrier is involved in non-inflammatory edema?
physiological barriers: pressure and conc. gradients
What can lead to non-inflammatory edema?
-increase in hydrostatic pressure
-decrease in colloid oncotic pressure
-lymphatic obstruction
-“salt retention”
What can lead to inflammatory edema?
increase in vascular permeability
What is Starling’s equilibrium?
relationship between hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the capillary during homeostasis
What are the characteristics of the arterial side of Starling’s equilibrium?
-primary force is hydrostatic
-due to pressure exerted by fluid volume
-normal fluid volume relies on proper functioning of heart
-net force is out
How can hydrostatic pressure be increased?
-decreased cardiac function
-impaired venous return
What are the characteristics of the venous side of Starling’s equilibrium?
-primary force is oncotic
-due to pressure exerted by solutes stuck within capillaries
-net force is in
How can oncotic pressure be decreased?
-excess loss of protein
-failure to produce enough protein
Where does extra fluid go?
the lymphatics
What is anasarca?
generalized massive edema
What is localized edema?
regional accumulation of fluid
What are the types of localized edema?
-subcutaneous
-tissue specific accumulations
-effusions
-fluid pockets
What is (subcutaneous) dependent edema?
accumulation in low lying, gravity dependent regions
What leads to pitting edema?
proliferation of fibroblasts subcutaneously, which forms a meshwork
What can be seen in pulmonary edema?
fluid separates out the individual nodules of the lungs and causes expanded interlobular septa
What are the three general types of effusion?
-hydro- water
-hemo- blood
-pyo- pus
What is ascites?
hydroperitoneum
What is a seroma?
a very local pocket of fluid that is often SQ
What are the similarities of hyperemia and congestion?
-both lead to increased blood within vessels
-microscopically identical
What is hyperemia?
active filling of blood vessels/arterioles with the goal of increasing blood flow
What is congestion?
passive filling of capillaries and veins due to lack of forward flow
What are the common causes of congestion?
-decreased cardiac function
-venous obstruction
What are the characteristics of chronic passive congestion?
-blood leaks out of vessels over time
-blood is eaten by macrophages that become hemosiderophages
-tissue turns brown
What are the characteristics of acute hepatic congestion?
-big liver
-rounded edges
-dark red
-capsular fibrin
-“nutmeg liver”/reticular pattern
What is hypostatic congestion?
excess accumulation of blood/fluid as a result of poor circulation
What are the characteristics of a strangulating lipoma?
-lipoma on stalk wraps around tissue
-compresses veins, while muscular arteries are able to stay open
What is venous congestion?
when blood can still pump into the tissue through open muscular arteries, but cannot exit due to collapsed veins
What is epiploic foramen entrapment?
when horse intestine ends up entering the epiploic foramen/opening in the mesentery and becoming trapped when the intestine enlarges
How can splenic congestion be distinguished from an increase in immune cells?
if spleen oozes blood when cut, it is congestion
What is cyanosis?
dusky blue-red color due to poor circulation/inadequate oxygenation
