Lecture 2 1/24/24

Question 1

What are the etiologic categories?

Answer 1

-metabolic
-inflammatory
-neoplastic
-infectious
-vascular
-anomalies
-nutritional
-degenerative
-idiopathic
-traumatic
-toxic
-iatrogenic

Question 2

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 2

steps involved in the development of a lesion or disease

Question 3

How do cell injury and cell death compare?

Answer 3

-can be caused by the same things
-cell death is more severe than cell injury
-cell injury is reversible while cell death is not

Question 4

What is hypoxia?

Answer 4

lack of oxygen

Question 5

What is ischemia?

Answer 5

lack of blood

Question 6

What are free radicals/reactive oxygen species?

Answer 6

chemicals with an unpaired electron in the outer orbit

Question 7

What are the sources of free radicals?

Answer 7

-radiation injury
-toxicity
-inflammation
-normal cell function

Question 8

Which source contributes the most free radicals?

Answer 8

normal cell function

Question 9

Why are antioxidants important?

Answer 9

antioxidants inactivate the free radicals produced by cell function or other injury

Question 10

What factors affect the response to cell injury?

Answer 10

-type of cell
-nutrition and antioxidant levels
-reperfusion injuries

Question 11

What are reperfusion injuries?

Answer 11

increased tissue damage that occurs when blood flow is restored to ischemic tissue

Question 12

What are the mechanisms of reperfusion injury?

Answer 12

-reperfusion provides oxygen, leading to abundant free radicals in tissue with depleted antioxidants
-infiltrating neutrophils damage viable tissue

Question 13

What are intracellular accumulation injuries?

Answer 13

excess accumulation of a substance in the cytoplasm to the point that the cell cannot function normally

Question 14

What are the mechanisms of fatty change?

Answer 14

-excessive entry of fatty acids
-defective oxidation of fatty acids
-decreased apoprotein synthesis
-defective secretion of lipoproteins

Question 15

What leads to defective fatty acid oxidation?

Answer 15

toxins such as aflatoxin

Question 16

What leads to decreased apoprotein synthesis?

Answer 16

protein malnutrition

Question 17

What leads to defective lipoprotein secretion?

Answer 17

toxins such as alcohol

Question 18

What is the pathogenesis of feline hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 18

-fat cat stops eating
-mobilization of fat from large stores
-excessive fatty acids enter liver
-lipid processing is overwhelmed
-protein availability reduced by anorexia
-decreased lipid export
-fatty change
-liver dysfunction
-icterus and anorexia
-continued cycle if still not eating