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SP1 General Pathology > Lecture 4 1/29/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 1/29/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common causes of liquefactive necrosis?

A

-bacterial infection
-neutrophilic infiltrate

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2
Q

What happens in liquefactive necrosis?

A

tissue becomes liquified

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3
Q

What are the two main examples of liquefactive necrosis?

A

-abscess
-center of a tumor (ischemic necrosis)

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4
Q

What is the cause of caseous necrosis?

A

specific bacterial infection

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of caseous necrosis?

A

-loss of architecture
-tissue is solid and friable
-present at center of granulomas

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of enzymatic fat necrosis?

A

-gross appearance is chalky, opaque, white spots in abdominal fat
-leads to pancreatitis

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of enzymatic fat necrosis?

A

-pancreas releases enzymes into tissue
-digestion of abdominal fat
-precipitation of calcium to form soap

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of nutritional/toxic fat necrosis in fish eating carnivores?

A

-gross appearance is generalized yellow-orange fat
-fat is very firm and necrotic

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis of nutritional/toxic fat necrosis in fish eating carnivores?

A

-diet high in (rancid) fish leads to excess oxidized fats
-antioxidant deficiency develops
-free radical injury of the tissue occurs

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of nutritional/toxic fat necrosis in ruminants?

A

-gross appearance is very firm, opaque abdominal fat
-pathogenesis is unknown

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11
Q

What are the predisposing factors of nutritional/toxic fat necrosis in ruminants?

A

-grazing fescue
-genetics
-increasing age

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12
Q

What treatment can potentially be used for nutritional/toxic fat necrosis?

A

vitamin E

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13
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death/suicide

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14
Q

What is physiologic apoptosis?

A

cell death required for normal development and homeostasis

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15
Q

What are the examples of physiologic apoptosis?

A

-embryogenesis
-immune tolerance
-uterine involution
-tissue homeostasis

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16
Q

What is pathologic apoptosis?

A

excessive or deficient apoptosis that results in disease

17
Q

What are the examples of pathologic apoptosis?

A

-virus-induced (increased)
-viral inhibition (decreased)
-autoimmunity (decreased)
-neoplasia (decreased)

18
Q

What are the general steps of apoptosis?

A

-signaling
-control
-execution
-removal

19
Q

What are the potential signals for apoptosis to occur?

A

-irreparable DNA damage
-death receptor binding
-lack of necessary factors

20
Q

What is the key takeaway of apoptosis control?

A

this step determines whether a cell will commit to or abort the apoptotic pathway

21
Q

What is p53?

A

-a control molecule that induces apoptosis following irreparable DNA damage
-often mutated in cases of cancer

22
Q

What are the characteristics of the execution step of apoptosis?

A

-mediated by caspases
-caspases activate other enzymes that destroy cell
-cell membrane stays intact

23
Q

What are the steps of the removal stage of apoptosis?

A

-surface membrane phospholipid is flipped to be exposed on cell surface
-phagocytes recognize this signal and engulf the apoptotic bodies

24
Q

What is autolysis?

A

disintegration of cells and tissues after death of the organism

25
Q

How can autolysis be differentiated from necrosis?

A

-autolysis lacks a host response/inflammation
-autolysis is diffuse

26
Q

What are the factors contributing to autolysis?

A

-tissue type
-temperature
-bacteria
-insulation
-time

27
Q

What are the characteristics of gas accumulation as a post-mortem lesion?

A

-gas is produced by bacteria that proliferate post-mortem
-begins in the intestines
-can result in rectal prolapse
-gas bubbles/emphysema seen in many tissues

28
Q

What is bloat line?

A

delineation in the tissue in cattle that indicates that bloat occurred prior to death

29
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bloat line?

A

-greatly distended stomach compresses thorax
-compression of veins more than arteries at thoracic inlet
-congestion/blood pooling of everything cranial to thoracic inlet
-delineation seen in esophageal mucosa (white tissue)

30
Q

In which species is post-mortem gastric rupture often seen in?

A

rabbits and horses

SP1 General Pathology (20 decks)

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