Lecture 3 1/26/24

Question 1

What are the characteristics of fatty change in ruminants?

Answer 1

-seen in late pregnancy or early lactation
-intake does not meet nutritional demand
-large fat stores mobilize, causing fatty liver

Question 2

What are the characteristics of fatty change in equids?

Answer 2

-strong genetic predisposition in ponies, mini horses, donkeys, and morgan horses
-overweight, genetically high risk animals can get fatty liver when in negative energy balance

Question 3

Which type of injury can cause fatty change in any species?

Answer 3

toxic liver injury

Question 4

What are the characteristics of fatty change in dogs?

Answer 4

-fasting only causes fatty change in toy breed puppies
-all other dogs can only develop fatty liver through toxic liver injury

Question 5

What are the morphological characteristics of fatty change in the liver?

Answer 5

-organ grossly appears tan-yellow and is enlarged and friable
-clear, round, discrete cytoplasmic vacuoles can be seen microscopically
-begins in centrilobular hepatocytes

Question 6

How do feline and canine renal tubules differ?

Answer 6

the renal tubular epithelium in felines normally contains cytoplasmic lipid and therefore can grossly and microscopically appear fatty

Question 7

What is the pathogenesis of canine steroid hepatopathy?

Answer 7

-excess endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids
-induction of glycogen synthetase enzyme
-excess glycogen produced and accumulated in hepatocyte cytoplasm
-hepatocyte dysfunction and elevated liver enzymes

Question 8

What is the gross appearance of the liver in canine steroid hepatopathy?

Answer 8

-enlarged
-orange-brown
-friable

Question 9

What is the microscopic appearance of the liver in canine steroid hepatopathy?

Answer 9

midzonal hepatocytes are swollen with clear cytoplasm

Question 10

Why is canine steroid hepatopathy considered to have a good prognosis?

Answer 10

it is a reversible form of cell injury

Question 11

How does diabetes mellitus impact the liver?

Answer 11

causes both glycogen and lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes

Question 12

What impact do storage diseases have on the liver?

Answer 12

diffuse hepatic glycogen due to inherited enzyme defects

Question 13

In which animals is it normal for the hepatocytes to have abundant glycogen?

Answer 13

neonates

Question 14

What is necrosis?

Answer 14

death of cells prior to death of the organism

Question 15

What is an infarct?

Answer 15

focal area of ischemic necrosis

Question 16

How can cell death be recognized grossly?

Answer 16

-softening
-color change
-ulceration

Question 17

What is ulceration?

Answer 17

full thickness necrosis and loss of epithelial or mucosal surface

Question 18

Why is ulceration considered reversible?

Answer 18

the dead epithelial cells can be replaced by new growth

Question 19

What is erosion?

Answer 19

partial thickness necrosis and loss of epithelial or mucosal surface

Question 20

What are the host reactions to necrosis?

Answer 20

-local inflammation
-hyperemia
-leukocyte infiltrate

Question 21

What are the characteristics of systemic reactions to necrosis?

Answer 21

-occurs when cell contents enter circulation in significant amounts
-immune system recognizes mitochondria as the bacteria they once were

Question 22

What are the characteristics of coagulative necrosis?

Answer 22

-caused by ischemia or toxins
-tissue architecture is preserved