Lecture 7 1/26/24

Question 1

What is the respiratory tract?

Answer 1

series of cavities through which air moves to ultimately participate in the exchange of gases

Question 2

What must be done to the air as it passes through the resp. tract?

Answer 2

-cleared of particulate matter
-warmed
-moistened

Question 3

What structures compose the upper resp. tract?

Answer 3

-nasal planum
-nares
-nasal cavities
-paranasal sinuses
-nasopharynx
-larynx
-trachea

Question 4

What structures compose the lungs/lower resp. tract?

Answer 4

-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli
-septa

Question 5

What are the two main functions of the resp. tract?

Answer 5

-conducting air and clearing particles
-gas exchange

Question 6

Which structures are involved in conducting air and clearing particles?

Answer 6

-upper resp. tract structures
-bronchi
-bronchioles

Question 7

Which part of the resp. tract does gas exchange occur in?

Answer 7

alveoli and septa

Question 8

What are the characteristics of the nares?

Answer 8

-openings/nostrils
-may have hairs for trapping/removing particulates

Question 9

What are the characteristics of the nasal vestibule?

Answer 9

-first part of the nasal cavity
-lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

-separated by nasal septum
-filled with nasal tubinates

Question 11

What is the purpose of nasal turbinates?

Answer 11

increase surface area, leading to increased turbulence for clearance

Question 12

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

Answer 12

respiratory epithelium

Question 13

What is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 13

ciliated, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

Question 14

Which structures help to moisten the air?

Answer 14

-goblet cells
-glands

Question 15

How do vessels play a role in modifying air?

Answer 15

vessels below the epithelium help to warm the air

Question 16

What are the characteristics of olfactory epithelium?

Answer 16

-specialized cells that allow for sense of smell
-near caudal nasal cavity
-more densely cellular

Question 17

What are the three layers of the olfactory region?

Answer 17

-surface nurse layer
-thick olfactory cell layer
-basal cell layer

Question 18

What are the characteristics of the nasopharynx?

Answer 18

-junction of resp. and alimentary tracts
-separated from oral cavity by the palate

Question 19

What are the functions of the nasopharynx?

Answer 19

-air conduction
-entrapment of inhaled/swallowed antigenic material
-adaptive immune response

Question 20

What is the structure of nasopharynx?

Answer 20

-respiratory epithelium rostrally, stratified squamous caudally
-submucosal glands
-lymphoid tissue

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the larynx?

Answer 21

-stratified squamous and ciliated, columnar, pseudo-stratified epithelium
-elastin fibers and glands in lamina propria
-hyaline and elastic cartilage in wall
-skeletal muscle present

Question 22

What are the functions of the trachea?

Answer 22

-air conduction
-particle entrapment
-particle clearance

Question 23

What are the steps of mucociliary clearance?

Answer 23

-turbulence and inertia caused by branching/narrowing of conducting portion forces particles against epithelium
-mucus produced by goblet cells
-beating action of cilia moves mucus up and out

Question 24

What are the characteristics of the trachea?

Answer 24

-tube composed of rings of hyaline cartilage
-mucosa consists of resp. epithelium over glands
-contains fibroelastic tissue and trachealis muscle