Lecture 7 1/26/24 Flashcards
What is the respiratory tract?
series of cavities through which air moves to ultimately participate in the exchange of gases
What must be done to the air as it passes through the resp. tract?
-cleared of particulate matter
-warmed
-moistened
What structures compose the upper resp. tract?
-nasal planum
-nares
-nasal cavities
-paranasal sinuses
-nasopharynx
-larynx
-trachea
What structures compose the lungs/lower resp. tract?
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli
-septa
What are the two main functions of the resp. tract?
-conducting air and clearing particles
-gas exchange
Which structures are involved in conducting air and clearing particles?
-upper resp. tract structures
-bronchi
-bronchioles
Which part of the resp. tract does gas exchange occur in?
alveoli and septa
What are the characteristics of the nares?
-openings/nostrils
-may have hairs for trapping/removing particulates
What are the characteristics of the nasal vestibule?
-first part of the nasal cavity
-lined by stratified squamous epithelium
What are the characteristics of the nasal cavity?
-separated by nasal septum
-filled with nasal tubinates
What is the purpose of nasal turbinates?
increase surface area, leading to increased turbulence for clearance
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
respiratory epithelium
What is respiratory epithelium?
ciliated, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
Which structures help to moisten the air?
-goblet cells
-glands
How do vessels play a role in modifying air?
vessels below the epithelium help to warm the air
What are the characteristics of olfactory epithelium?
-specialized cells that allow for sense of smell
-near caudal nasal cavity
-more densely cellular
What are the three layers of the olfactory region?
-surface nurse layer
-thick olfactory cell layer
-basal cell layer
What are the characteristics of the nasopharynx?
-junction of resp. and alimentary tracts
-separated from oral cavity by the palate
What are the functions of the nasopharynx?
-air conduction
-entrapment of inhaled/swallowed antigenic material
-adaptive immune response
What is the structure of nasopharynx?
-respiratory epithelium rostrally, stratified squamous caudally
-submucosal glands
-lymphoid tissue
What are the characteristics of the larynx?
-stratified squamous and ciliated, columnar, pseudo-stratified epithelium
-elastin fibers and glands in lamina propria
-hyaline and elastic cartilage in wall
-skeletal muscle present
What are the functions of the trachea?
-air conduction
-particle entrapment
-particle clearance
What are the steps of mucociliary clearance?
-turbulence and inertia caused by branching/narrowing of conducting portion forces particles against epithelium
-mucus produced by goblet cells
-beating action of cilia moves mucus up and out
What are the characteristics of the trachea?
-tube composed of rings of hyaline cartilage
-mucosa consists of resp. epithelium over glands
-contains fibroelastic tissue and trachealis muscle
