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SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 14 2/13/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 2/13/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

-ductless gland system
-epithelial in origin
-highly vascular
-utilizes hormones
-endocrine signaling mechanism/action on distant cells

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2
Q

What is the major goal of the endocrine system?

A

maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of hormones?

A

-travel via bloodstream
-bind to receptors
-produce slow, sustained responses
-highly controlled via tiered setups and neg. feedback loops

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

area of the brain that links the CNS to the endocrine system

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5
Q

What are the two main parts of the pituitary?

A

-anterior pituitary
-posterior pituitary

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the anterior pituitary?

A

-pars distalis
-pars intermedia

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7
Q

What is the main part of the posterior pituitary?

A

pars nervosa

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8
Q

Why is the anterior pituitary also known as the adenohypophysis?

A

it is the glandular portion of the pituitary

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9
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary also known as the neurohypophysis?

A

it is an extension of the hypothalmus/brain

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10
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

recess of skull in which the pituitary lives

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11
Q

Which hormones produced by the hypothalamic neurons are released into the pars nervosa?

A

-antidiuretic hormone
-oxytocin

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the posterior pituitary?

A

-cell bodies are large neurons within the hypothalamus
-axons comprise pars nervosa
-supported by pituicytes
-axons terminate on blood vessels to release ADH and oxytocin

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamic neurons?

A

to stimulate the anterior pituitary pars distalis cells

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the pars distalis?

A

-largest part that secretes majority of hormones
-requires releasing hormone from hypothalamus
-cell types include chromophobes, acidophils, and basophils

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15
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pars distalis basophils?

A

-ACTH
-TSH
-FSH
-LH

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16
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pars distalis acidophils?

A

-GH
-PRL

17
Q

How can basophils producing LH be distinguished using IHC staining?

A

those producing LH will stain brown

18
Q

What are the characteristics of the pars intermedia?

A

-made up of a single cell population
-produces melanocyte stimulating hormone
-right up against pars nervosa

19
Q

What are the main components of the adrenal gland?

A

-capsule
-cortex
-medulla

20
Q

What are the three components of the adrenal gland cortex?

A

-zona glomerulosa
-zona fasciculata
-zona reticularis

21
Q

Which hormone type is produced by the zona glomerulosa?

A

mineralocorticoids (salt)

22
Q

Which hormone type is produced by the zona fasciculata?

A

glucocorticoids (sugar)

23
Q

Which hormone type is produced by the zona reticularis?

A

weak androgens (sex)

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the thyroid?

A

-composed of follicles
-activity regulated by TSH

25
Q

What are the characteristics of thyroid follicular cells?

A

-simple cuboidal/columnar
-produce thyroglobulin, which is stored as colloid in the lumen

26
Q

What are the characteristics of thyroid parafollicular cells?

A

-in interstitium between follicles
-secrete calcitonin in response to high blood calcium to lower levels

27
Q

What are the characteristics of parathyroid gland chief cells?

A

-tightly packed
-secrete parathormone/PTH in response to low blood calcium to raise levels

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the pineal gland?

A

-stimulated by light perceived by retina
-thought to have a role in circadian rhythm and seasonal repro.
-pinealocytes produce melatonin

29
Q

What are the characteristics of pancreatic islets?

A

-98% exocrine to 2% endocrine
-contain alpha, beta, delta, and other cells

30
Q

Which hormones are produced by pancreatic alpha cells?

A

-glucagon
-CCK
-GIP

31
Q

Which hormones are produced by pancreatic beta cells?

A

-insulin
-IAPP

32
Q

Which hormone is produced by pancreatic delta cells?

A

somatostatin

33
Q

Which hormone is produced by other pancreatic cells?

A

gastrin

SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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