Lecture 1 1/22/24 Flashcards
What are the general characteristics of blood?
-embryologically derived from mesoderm
-serves in a connective role
What are the main functions of blood?
-transportation
-protection
-regulation
Which factors can impact blood volume?
-body size
-physical fitness
-nutrition status
-age
-pregnancy
-lactation state
What percent of a hot-blooded horse’s body weight is blood?
10-11%
What percent of a dog’s body weight is blood?
8-9%
What percent of a cat/ruminant/rodent/cold-blooded horse’s body weight is blood?
6-7%
What percent of a pig’s body weight is blood?
5-6%
What percent of an animal’s blood volume can be safely removed?
10-15%
What is plasma?
colorless to yellow clear fluid devoid of cells
How are plasma and interstitial fluid similar?
-both are extracellular fluids
-similar chemical composition
How are plasma and interstitial fluid different?
-plasma is intravascular/inside vessels
-interstitial fluid is extravascular/outside vessels
What percent of plasma is made up of water?
91-92%
What percent of plasma is made up of proteins?
7%
What are the characteristics of albumin?
-most abundant and important plasma protein
-synthesized by the liver
What are the functions of albumin?
-maintenance of colloidal osmotic pressure
-transportation of substances
-regulation of acid-base balance
Why is albumin considered a negative acute phase protein?
during times of acute inflammation, albumin concentration decreases
What are the characteristics of alpha and beta globulins?
-produced by the liver
-positive acute phase proteins
What are the characteristics of fibrinogen?
-pro-inflammatory
-involved in coagulation
-positive acute phase protein
What are the characteristics of gamma globulins?
-produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells
-primarily IgG
Which proteins are found in the plasma?
-albumin
-alpha and beta globulins
-fibrinogen
-coagulation factors
-gamma globulins
What are the characteristics of plasma collection?
-obtained when anti-coagulated blood is centrifuged
-anti-coagulants are necessary
-fibrinogen and coagulation factors are present
-can be centrifuged almost immediately after collection
What are the characteristics of serum collection?
-obtained when coagulated blood is centrifuged
-no need for anti-coagulants
-fibrinogen and coagulation factors are absent
-must wait 30 minutes after collection to centrifuge
Which anti-coagulant binds irreversibly to calcium?
EDTA
What is colloidal osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure?
the force opposing the exit of fluid from the intravascular space to the extravascular space
What drives colloidal osmotic pressure?
presence of large macromolecules in plasma (primarily albumin)
What is hydrostatic pressure?
the force driving fluid from the intravascular space into the extravascular space
What is osmolality?
measure of the solute/water ratio of body fluid
What does osmolality depend on?
the number of osmotically active ions and molecules dissolved in a kilogram of body water
Which ions contribute the majority of osmolality?
-sodium
-potassium
-chloride
-bicarbonate
What is the relationship between plasma proteins and osmolality?
proteins provide no significant contribution to osmolality
What is the result of hypo-osmolality?
cellular swelling
What is the result of hyper-osmolality?
cellular shrinkage
What are platelets?
fragments of megakaryocytes
What are the characteristics of platelets?
-conc. is 150-700 x 10^3 ul
-life span of 8-10 days
-involved in primary hemostasis
What are the characteristics of RBCs?
-conc. is 5-10 x 10^6 ul
-life span of 70-160 days
-transport O2
What are the characteristics of WBCs?
-conc. is 5-20 x 10^3 ul
-life span of hours to months
-involved in defense
What is packed cell volume (PCV)?
the percent of blood volume filled by erythrocytes
What is hematocrit (HCT)?
a calculation based on RBCs and mean cell volume that represents RBC mass
How is HCT calculated?
HCT = (RBCs x MCV)/10
What is mean cell volume (MCV)?
measure of the average volume of a RBC
