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SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 3 1/23/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 1/23/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CBC rule of 3?

A

-RBC count x 3 = Hgb estimate
-Hgb estimate x 3 = HT/PCV estimate

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2
Q

How many molecules of oxygen is bound to each hemoglobin molecule?

A

4

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3
Q

Which protein makes up the majority of the dry content of blood?

A

hemoglobin (95%)

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4
Q

Which peptide chains form hemoglobin?

A

-2 alpha chains
-2 non-alpha chains

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5
Q

How do embryonic, fetal, and adult hemoglobin differ, in terms of peptide chains?

A

-adult Hgb has 2 beta chains
-fetal Hgb has 2 gamma chains in most species
-embryonic Hgb has 2 epsilon chains

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6
Q

Why do embryonic and fetal Hgb have gamma/epsilon chains instead of beta chains?

A

-epsilon and gamma chains have a higher affinity for O2 than beta chains
-helps get O2 to the embryo/fetus

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7
Q

Which species make use of the 2,3-DPG protein in the fetus instead of hemoglobin gamma chains?

A

-dogs
-pigs
-horses

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of heme?

A

-ring-shaped metallic compound
-contains one iron atom each
-can bind to one O2 molecule each

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9
Q

Why is it important that the iron atom in heme is an Fe2+ atom and not an Fe3+ atom?

A

Fe3+ is unable to bind O2

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10
Q

Where is hemoglobin synthesized?

A

mitochondria and cytoplasm

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11
Q

How does oxidative stress impact cells?

A

removes e- and leads to cell damage

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the pentose shunt?

A

-NADPH is produced
-NADPH is used as a reducing agent by GSH
-e- are transferred to hemoglobin

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the methemoglobin reductase pathway?

A

-protects iron and keeps it in an Fe2+ state
-methemoglobin contains Fe3+ and cannot bind O2

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the DPG shunt?

A

-produces 2,3-DPG when oxygen needs to be released more easily
-present in all species
-low concentration in fetal dogs/pigs/horses to allow fetal hemoglobin to bind O2

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15
Q

Why do RBCs produce reducing agents?

A

to protect hemoglobin, iron, and cell membranes from oxidative species

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16
Q

How do RBCs obtain energy?

A

converting glucose into 4 ATP through aerobic glycolysis

17
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

precipitations of denatured hemoglobin

18
Q

What conditions cause the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to move to the left?

A

-low H+/high pH
-low temp
-low CO2
-low DPG

19
Q

What conditions cause the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to move to the right?

A

-high H+/low pH
-high temp
-high CO2
-high DPG

20
Q

How does moving the oxygen-hemoglobin curve impact oxygen release from hemoglobin?

A

-moved left: less easily released
-moved right: more easily released

21
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

-the binding of O2 to one hemoglobin unit, it makes it easier for O2 to bind to a second hemoglobin unit, and so forth
-also works in reverse with release of O2 from hemoglobin units (first O2 removed is the hardest, easier with each successive molecule)

22
Q

What determines different blood groups/types?

A

the absence or presence of erythrocyte surface antigens

23
Q

What is an alloantigen?

A

antigen present in some members of the same species but not common to all members

24
Q

What are alloantibodies?

A

antibodies produced against an alloantigen when the individual does not naturally express the antigen

25
Q

Which blood types are of clinical relevance in dogs?

A

-DEA 1.1 (40-50% prev.)
-DEA 1.2 (20% prev.)

26
Q

Why is it important that dogs do not have naturally occurring anti-DEA antibodies?

A

one transfusion can be safely given to any dog without having to cross-match

27
Q

What is the ideal canine blood donor?

A

a DEA 1.1-negative dog

28
Q

What type of blood group system is seen in cats?

A

an AB system with blood types A, B, and AB

29
Q

What type of alloantibodies are seen in cats of different blood types?

A

-weak anti-B alloantibodies in type A cats
-strong anti-A alloantibodies in type B cats
-no alloantibodies in type AB cats

30
Q

Why can a type AB cat NOT receive a blood transfusion from cats with type A or B blood?

A

the alloantibodies in the donor cat’s blood would react with the alloantigens on the recipient cat’s blood

31
Q

Which blood groups are of clinical relevance in horses?

A

-Aa
-Ac
-Ca
-Qa

32
Q

Which blood groups in horses account for the majority of neonatal isoerythrolysis cases?

A

Aa and Qa

33
Q

What are the characteristics of cattle blood groups?

A

-12 blood groups with over 60 blood types
-very important to cross-match

34
Q

What are the characteristics of equine blood groups?

A

-8 blood groups
-lowercase letters to indicate specific factors
-over 30 blood types

SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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