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SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 29 3/25/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 3/25/24 Flashcards

1
Q

How are spermatozoa lost from the female repro tract?

A

-retrograde transport
-phagocytosis by leukocytes

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2
Q

In which animals is semen ejaculated into the cranial vagina?

A

-cow
-sheep
-rabbit
-primates
-dog
-cat

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3
Q

In which animals is semen deposited into the cervix/cervical lumen?

A

-pig
-horse
-camelids

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4
Q

Why do neutrophils target sperm?

A

they are seen as foreign material in the female repro tract

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5
Q

What is post-breeding endometritis?

A

large migration of neutrophils from the uterine mucosa to the uterine lumen

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6
Q

Why is it important that estradiol and prostaglandins stimulate the uterine muscularis?

A

the contractions propel spermatozoa in both cranial and caudal directions

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7
Q

What are the two types of mucus produced by the cow cervix?

A

-sialomucin, which is of low viscosity
-sulfomucin, which is of high viscosity

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8
Q

Why does the viscosity of cervical mucus matter?

A

sperm can swim through lower viscosity mucus, but they are trapped and flushed out by more viscous mucus

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9
Q

What type of mobility pattern is seen in sperm that reach the oviduct?

A

hyperactive, in order to facilitate sperm-oocyte contact

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10
Q

Where does capacitation initation occur?

A

-in the cervix for sperm ejaculated in the vagina
-in the uterus/isthmus for sperm ejaculated in the cervix

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11
Q

Why must the female repro tract strip the seminal plasma coating off of the sperm?

A

to allow for the sperm to bind to the zona pellucida of the oocyte

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12
Q

What is required for sperm to bind to the zona pellucida?

A

specific zone-binding proteins on the sperm membrane overlying the acrosome

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13
Q

What are the glycoproteins on the zona pellucida?

A

-zona protein 1: structural
-zona protein 2: structural
zona protein 3: receptor for sperm membrane proteins

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14
Q

What are the two binding sites on the sperm plasma membrane?

A

-zona binding region: adheres sperm to zona pellucida
-acrosome reaction promoting region: binds to ZP3 protein

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15
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

fusion of the sperm plasma membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane

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16
Q

What are the purposes of the acrosomal reaction?

A

-enable sperm to penetrate zona pellucida
-expose equatorial segment so that it can fuse with oocyte plasma membrane

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17
Q

What is vesiculation?

A

the formation of many small vessels when the sperm plasma membrane fuses with the outer acrosomal membrane

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18
Q

What is acrosin?

A

the main enzyme that hydrolyzes zona proteins

19
Q

What is the perivitelline space?

A

space between the zona pellucida and the oocyte plasma membrane

20
Q

What happens once the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida?

A

the plasma membrane of the oocyte fuses with the membrane of the equatorial segment and the fertilizing sperm is engulfed

21
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

exocytosis of cortical granules, resulting in the zona block

22
Q

What is the zona block?

A

biochemical changes in the zona pellucida that prevent polyspermy by preventing the penetration of more than one sperm

23
Q

What is syngamy?

A

the fusion of the male and female pronuclei to form the zygote

24
Q

What is an embryo?

A

an organism in the early stages of development

25
Q

What is included in a conceptus?

A

-embryo during early embryonic stage
-embryo and extraembryonic membranes during preimplantation stage
-fetus and placenta during post-attachment stage

26
Q

What is a fetus?

A

potential offspring that is still within the uterus but is generally recognizable as a member of a given species

27
Q

What are cleavage divisions?

A

mitotic divisions undergone by a zygote

28
Q

What does it mean for blastomeres to be totipotent?

A

describes the ability of a single cell to give rise to a complete, fully formed individual

29
Q

What is a morula?

A

solid ball of blastomere cells in which the cells can no longer be accurately counted due to the number

30
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

morula with a distinct, recognizable cavity

31
Q

What are the two separate structures in a blastocyst?

A

-inner cell mass
-trophoblast

32
Q

What do the structures of the blastocyst give rise to?

A

-inner cell mass: body of embryo
-trophoblast: chorion/fetal component of placenta

33
Q

When does the blastocyst become a free-floating embryo?

A

after it hatches out of a crack/fissure in the zona pellucida

34
Q

What is the function of progesterone on the uterus during embryonic development?

A

stimulates the production of uterine milk to nourish the embryo

35
Q

How can a cyst be differentiated from an embryo on ultrasound in a mare?

A

-measured over multiple days
-cyst will remain in roughly the same location and stay roughly the same size
-embryo will move between uterine horns and grow rapidly

36
Q

What is maternal recognition of pregnancy?

A

the series of events by which the conceptus signals its presence to the dam and the pregnancy is enabled to continue

37
Q

Which factor is involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants?

A

interferon tau

38
Q

Which factor is involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy in sows?

A

estradiol

39
Q

Which factor is involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy in mares?

A

-somewhat unknown
-HSP/estradiol/potentially physical

40
Q

Which factor is involved in maternal recognition of pregnancy in primates?

A

hCG

41
Q

Why is a factor not needed for maternal recognition of pregnancy in cats and dogs?

A

the repro cycle in these animals occurs in such a way that the CL will not regress and terminate the pregnancy

42
Q

What is true implantation?

A

phenomenon in rodents and humans in which the conceptus buries itself in the endometrium

43
Q

What is implantation in most species?

A

the attachment/fixation of the conceptus to the endometrial surface

44
Q

What is the embryonic vessel?

A

structure in which the embryo proper develops into the fetus while the envelop develops into the extraembryonic membranes

SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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