Lecture 13 2/8/24 Flashcards
Which components are involved in the innate immunity of the resp. tract?
-mucociliary system
-cough
-phagocytes
-toll-like receptors
Which components are involved in the adaptive immunity of the resp. tract?
-lymphocytes
-antibody production
How does particle size impact its ability to travel within the resp. tract?
-larger, inhalable particles will be caught in the nose, mouth, or throat
-smaller, respirable particles will pass into and beyond the terminal bronchioles
Why is it important to understand which size particle deposits where within the resp. tract?
inhaled medications can be made with different sized particles based on where the medication needs to travel within the resp. tract
How do slow, deep breaths impact sedimentation?
velocity of airflow causes more particles to settle into the lungs at deeper depths
How do fast, shallow breaths impact sedimentation?
larger particles get embedded with more inertia into the upper airways
How does bronchoconstriction impact sedimentation?
more particulates settle in larger airways
How does bronchodilation impact sedimentation?
more particulates settle in smaller airways
What are the characteristics of the mucociliary system?
-mucus lining of the respiratory epithelium
-cilia beat rhythmically
-must move particles against gravity/be assisted through lowering of the head
-beat frequency is slower in the bronchioles
How can mucus within the respiratory system differ?
-amount
-viscosity
-composition
How does fluid type differ in different areas of the resp. tract?
-bronchioles: serous fluid
-larger airways: mucus
-bronchi: mucus and serous fluid combination
What are the characteristics of coughing?
-stimulated by subepithelial irritant receptors found mostly in large bronchi
-hyper-responsive when airway is inflamed or epithelium is injured
-most effective at clearing larger airways rather than bronchi/bronchioles
-bring particles up to pharynx
What are the characteristics of alveolar macrophages?
-main phagocyte found in the lung
-mainly found within alveolar lining fluids
-recognize PAMPs via toll-like receptors
Which tissues are used by alveolar macrophages to remove particles?
-pharynx
-lymphoid tissue
What can lead to suppression of the alveolar macrophages?
-hypoxic conditions
-corticosteroids/endogenous glucocorticoids
-viral infections
Which conditions stimulate cytokines?
-infections
-allergens
-toxins
Which cells release cytokines?
-macrophages
-lymphocytes
-epithelial cells
-endothelial cells
What are the functions of cytokines?
-attract inflammatory cells
-orchestrate tissue healing
What are the characteristics of tonsillar tissues?
-most abundant where turbulence is highest
-high amounts in lymphoid tissue/cells
What is the net force typically seen with Starling’s equation?
net force that favors fluid to be pushed into the interstitium
What does Starling’s equation describe?
difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, which determines the net movement of fluid into or out of a capillary
What is alveolar edema?
-accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space
-occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in a vessel
-outward fluid movement must first overwhelm the lymphatics system
What is interstitial edema?
-accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space/lung parenchyma
-occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in a vessel
What are the consequences of left-sided heart failure?
-pulmonary congestion and pressure
-low organ perfusion and hypoxia