Lecture 13 2/8/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which components are involved in the innate immunity of the resp. tract?

A

-mucociliary system
-cough
-phagocytes
-toll-like receptors

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2
Q

Which components are involved in the adaptive immunity of the resp. tract?

A

-lymphocytes
-antibody production

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3
Q

How does particle size impact its ability to travel within the resp. tract?

A

-larger, inhalable particles will be caught in the nose, mouth, or throat
-smaller, respirable particles will pass into and beyond the terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

Why is it important to understand which size particle deposits where within the resp. tract?

A

inhaled medications can be made with different sized particles based on where the medication needs to travel within the resp. tract

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5
Q

How do slow, deep breaths impact sedimentation?

A

velocity of airflow causes more particles to settle into the lungs at deeper depths

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6
Q

How do fast, shallow breaths impact sedimentation?

A

larger particles get embedded with more inertia into the upper airways

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7
Q

How does bronchoconstriction impact sedimentation?

A

more particulates settle in larger airways

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8
Q

How does bronchodilation impact sedimentation?

A

more particulates settle in smaller airways

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of the mucociliary system?

A

-mucus lining of the respiratory epithelium
-cilia beat rhythmically
-must move particles against gravity/be assisted through lowering of the head
-beat frequency is slower in the bronchioles

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10
Q

How can mucus within the respiratory system differ?

A

-amount
-viscosity
-composition

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11
Q

How does fluid type differ in different areas of the resp. tract?

A

-bronchioles: serous fluid
-larger airways: mucus
-bronchi: mucus and serous fluid combination

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of coughing?

A

-stimulated by subepithelial irritant receptors found mostly in large bronchi
-hyper-responsive when airway is inflamed or epithelium is injured
-most effective at clearing larger airways rather than bronchi/bronchioles
-bring particles up to pharynx

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of alveolar macrophages?

A

-main phagocyte found in the lung
-mainly found within alveolar lining fluids
-recognize PAMPs via toll-like receptors

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14
Q

Which tissues are used by alveolar macrophages to remove particles?

A

-pharynx
-lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

What can lead to suppression of the alveolar macrophages?

A

-hypoxic conditions
-corticosteroids/endogenous glucocorticoids
-viral infections

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16
Q

Which conditions stimulate cytokines?

A

-infections
-allergens
-toxins

17
Q

Which cells release cytokines?

A

-macrophages
-lymphocytes
-epithelial cells
-endothelial cells

18
Q

What are the functions of cytokines?

A

-attract inflammatory cells
-orchestrate tissue healing

19
Q

What are the characteristics of tonsillar tissues?

A

-most abundant where turbulence is highest
-high amounts in lymphoid tissue/cells

20
Q

What is the net force typically seen with Starling’s equation?

A

net force that favors fluid to be pushed into the interstitium

21
Q

What does Starling’s equation describe?

A

difference between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, which determines the net movement of fluid into or out of a capillary

22
Q

What is alveolar edema?

A

-accumulation of fluid in the alveolar space
-occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in a vessel
-outward fluid movement must first overwhelm the lymphatics system

23
Q

What is interstitial edema?

A

-accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space/lung parenchyma
-occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure in a vessel

24
Q

What are the consequences of left-sided heart failure?

A

-pulmonary congestion and pressure
-low organ perfusion and hypoxia

25
Q

How can hypoproteinemia lead to pulmonary edema?

A

-hypoproteinemia causes decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-decreased plasma oncotic pressure results in pulmonary edema due to excess fluid leaving vessels

26
Q

How can inflammatory lung disease lead to pulmonary edema?

A

-inflammatory lung disease increases vascular permeability
-vascular permeability allows protein-rich fluid to leak into interstitium
-protein-rich fluid in the interstitium increases interstitial fluid oncotic pressure
-increased interstitial fluid oncotic pressure draws fluid out of vessels and causes pulmonary edema

27
Q

What are the characteristics of pleural effusion in a healthy animal?

A

-small amount of fluid in the pleural space
-drained by lymphatics
-low protein content

28
Q

What can lead to an increase in pleural effusion?

A

-increased hydrostatic pressure
-decreased colloid osmotic pressure
-increased vascular permeability
-obstruction of lymphatic vessels

29
Q

What causes left-sided heart failure?

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

Which type of heart failure is pleural effusion most commonly associated with?

A

right-sided heart failure

31
Q

What are the consequences of right-sided heart failure?

A

venous congestion of body organs

32
Q

What causes right-sided heart failure?

A

increased pulmonary vascular pressure

33
Q

What other role do the lungs have?

A

acid-base balance/compensation