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SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 26 3/19/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 3/19/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the cervix?

A

-thick-walled and rigid
-physical barrier from exterior
-secretes mucus during pregnancy to isolate uterus (cervical seal)
-produces mucus during estrus to lubricate vagina and flush material

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2
Q

How does the cervix respond to hormones?

A

-open and relaxed in response to estrogen
-closed and rigid in response to progesterone

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3
Q

What is the utero-tubal junction?

A

the connection between the uterine horn and the oviduct

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4
Q

What is the main ligament supporting the uterus?

A

broad ligament

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a bicornuate uterus?

A

-two uterine horns
-small uterine body
-length of horns depends on degree of fusion between paramesonephric ducts

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6
Q

What influence does progesterone have on the uterus?

A

-lumen secretes uterine milk
-induces uterine quiescence/low contractility

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7
Q

What influence does estradiol have on the uterus?

A

-enhanced immune system response
-increased uterine contractility

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8
Q

What are the layers of tissue of the uterus?

A

-serosa (outer)
-muscularis
-endometrium (inner)

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9
Q

Why is it important that the muscularis allows the uterus to contract?

A

-transport of secretory products and gametes
-expulsion of fetus and fetal membranes during parturition

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10
Q

What is the importance of the endometrial folds?

A

provide the uterine surface for development of the placenta

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11
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum?

A

to capture the newly ovulated oocyte

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12
Q

What is the function of the muscularis of the oviduct?

A

transport newly ovulated oocytes and spermatozoa to the site of fertilization

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13
Q

What is important about the substances secreted by the oviduct mucosa?

A

-provides optimum environment for free floating, unfertilized oocyte
-sustains spermatozoal function until oocyte arrives after ovulation
-provides suitable environment for early embryo

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14
Q

What occurs in a complete ovarian cycle?

A

-ovulation occurs
-antral follicles transform into corpus luteum and produce progesterone
-corpus luteum is destroyed
-new follicles develop and produce large amounts of estrogen
-ovulation occurs again; new cycle

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15
Q

Where is the population of oocytes housed?

A

cortex of ovary

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16
Q

What is found in the ovarian medulla?

A

vasculature, nerves, and lymphatics

17
Q

What are the three layers of an antral follicle?

A

-theca externa
-theca interna
-granulosa cell layer

18
Q

What is the theca externa?

A

loose connective tissue that surrounds and supports the follicle

19
Q

What is the theca interna?

A

layer responsible for production of androgens under the influence of LH

20
Q

What are the products of the granulosa cell layer?

A

-estrogen
-inhibin
-follicular fluid

21
Q

What is the 2-cell, 2-gonadotropin model?

A

-binding of LH to its receptors on theca interna cells leads to conversion of cholesterol into testosterone
-binding of FSH to its receptors on granulosa cells leads to conversion of testosterone into estradiol

22
Q

What is the important step in preparation of the follicle for ovulation?

A

synthesis of LH receptors by granulosa cells

23
Q

Which conditions must be met for the final stages of maturation to occur during folliculogenesis?

A

-animal must have undergone puberty
-must be appropriate season for animals with seasonal repro. patterns
-minimal body condition score must be met
-proper hormonal environment/absence of progesterone from previous corpus luteum

24
Q

What are the characteristics of oocyte division in the prenatal stages?

A

-germ cells divide through mitosis
-generate large number of oocytes to form ovarian reserve
-divide into oogonia/primary oocytes
-oocytes enter first meiotic prophase after last mitotic division
-cells arrest in meiotic prophase until after puberty

25
Q

What are the characteristics of oocyte division post-puberty?

A

-meiosis resumes
-primary oocyte becomes secondary oocyte
-typically complete first meiotic division at the time of ovulation
-second meiotic division occurs at fertilization

26
Q

What is the key characteristic of a prepubertal female?

A

lack of gonadal estradiol to stimulate the surge center

27
Q

When is puberty initiated in the female?

A

when GnRH neurons can respond completely to positive and negative feedback

28
Q

Which factors impact the development of hypothalamic GnRH neurons in the female?

A

-threshold body size and/or composition
-exposure to certain environmental or social cues

29
Q

What is ovarian senescence?

A

depletion of primordial follicles in a female, at which point repro. cyclicity stops

30
Q

What are the main effects of ovarian senescence?

A

-decrease in reproductive efficiency
-prolonged and irregular estrous cycles
-eventual cessation of estrous cycles
-net decline in blood estrogen levels
-increases in FSH due to lack of inhibin
-decline in progesterone

31
Q

What is the main difference between the preantral and antral stages?

A

there are much higher levels of FSH and LH during the antral stages since the inhibition of GnRH by progesterone is no longer occurring

32
Q

Which type of follicle is able to enter a follicular wave?

A

antral follicles

33
Q

What must occur in order for a follicular wave to result in ovulation?

A

breakdown of the previous CL and removal of progesterone

34
Q

How does folliculogenesis differ from follicular waves?

A

-folliculogenesis is the complete process of development and maturation of oocytes/follicles
-follicular waves are the last few days of folliculogenesis

35
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

degeneration of antral follicles

36
Q

What is the main trigger for follicular atresia?

A

the follicle not being exposed to the right concentration of gonadotropin

37
Q

What is ultrasonography?

A

use of high-frequency sound waves to generate an image

38
Q

What are the four types of reflection on ultrasound?

A

-fluid: anechoic/black appearance
-soft tissue: hypoechoic/grayish appearance
-bone: hyperechoic/bright white appearance
-air: dispersion/acoustic shadow/no image

SP1 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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