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Biochem 2 > Lecture 6 - Lipid Catabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Lipid Catabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What does the breakdown of lipids produce?

A

Acetyl CoA and potential energy that can be used in the ETC or other reactions that produce NADH

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2
Q

How are fatty acids converted to acetyl CoA?

A

Beta-oxidation

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3
Q

How are fatty acids converted to NADH and FADH2?

A

Beta-oxidation

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4
Q

Are fatty acids amphipathic or aliphatic?

A

Both

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5
Q

What type of fatty acids are the least soluble in water?

A

Long chain saturated fatty acids

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6
Q

Are fatty acids typically found in free form?

A

No, they are often found in complex lipids

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7
Q

What are the most common monocarboxylic acids?

A

C12 - C24

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8
Q

What are the most common unsaturated fatty acids?

A

C18 and C20

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9
Q

What usually occurs when more than one double bond are found in one fatty acid?

A

The double bonds are separate by a methylene group

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10
Q

In most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, the double bonds are in the ____ configuration

A

Cis

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11
Q

What do fatty acids consist of?

A
  • Carboxyl group

- Hydrocarbon chain

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12
Q

Acetic acid

A

2 carbons

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13
Q

Capric acid

A

10 carbons

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14
Q

Lauric acid

A

12 carbons

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15
Q

Palmitic acid

A

16 carbons

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16
Q

Stearic acid

A

18 carbons

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17
Q

Arachidic acid

A

20 carbons

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18
Q

Palmitoleic acid

A

16 carbons, double bond at C9

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19
Q

Oleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bond at C9

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20
Q

Linoleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bonds at C9 and C12

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21
Q

Gamma-linoleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bonds at C6, C9, and C12

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22
Q

Alpha-linoleic acid

A

18 carbons, double bonds at C9, C12, and C15

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23
Q

What does an omega sign mean with respect to fatty acids?

A

Whatever number is next to the omega is the last double bonded carbon when counting from the end of the chain

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24
Q

What are the 2 main types of lipids?

A

1) Storage (neutral)

2) Membrane (polar)

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25
Q

What are the simplest lipids constructed from fatty acids?

A

Neutral triacylglycerol

26
Q

What is another name for triacylglycerols?

A

Triglycerides

27
Q

What are triacylglycerols made of?

A

3 fatty acyl units (one on each end and one in the middle)

28
Q

What are the most common membrane lipids?

A

Glycerophospholipids

29
Q

What is the first step of lipid catabolism?

A

Bile salts emulsify dietary fats in the small intestine, forming mixed micelles

30
Q

What is the second step of lipid catabolism?

A

Intestinal lipases degrade triacylglycerols

31
Q

What is the third step of lipid catabolism?

A

Fatty acids and other breakdown products are taken up by the intestinal mucosa and converted into triacylglycerols

32
Q

What is the fourth step of lipid catabolism?

A

Triacylglycerols are incorporated, with cholesterol and apolipoproteins, into chylomicrons

33
Q

What is the fifth step of lipid catabolism?

A

Chylomicrons move through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to tissues

34
Q

What is the sixth step of lipid catabolism?

A

Lipoprotein lipase converts triacylglycerols to fatty acids and glycerol

35
Q

What is the seventh step of lipid catabolism?

A

Fatty acids enter cells

36
Q

What is the eighth step of lipid catabolism?

A

Fatty acids are oxidized as fuel or re-esterified for storage

37
Q

Which type of fatty acids are the main source of energy for animals?

A

Long chain fatty acids

38
Q

What are 3 sources of fatty acids?

A

1) Diet
2) Cell storage
3) Synthesis

39
Q

Which enzymes convert triglycerides and phospholipids to fatty acids?

A

Lipases

40
Q

Where are lipases produced?

A

In the pancreas

41
Q

What is the main function of lipases?

A

Breakdown triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

42
Q

Ingested triglycerides are water ______

A

Insoluble

43
Q

What happens to ingested triglycerides in the intestines?

A
  • They are emulsified by bile salts (detergents)

- Lipases break them down to fatty acids and glycerol which are taken up by intestinal mucosa

44
Q

What happens to triglycerides stored in adipose tissue?

A

Broken down by lipases, which are triggered by hormonal signals (epinephrine and glucagon)

45
Q

Which enzyme converts glycerol to glycerol phosphate?

A

Glycerol kinase

46
Q

Which enzyme converts glycerol phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

47
Q

What is the head group of phosphatidic acid?

A

-H

48
Q

What is the head group of phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

-CH2-CH2-NH3+

49
Q

What is the head group of phosphatidylcholine?

A

-CH2-CH2-N+(CH3)3

50
Q

What is the head group of phosphatidylserine?

A

-CH2-CH(COO-)-NH3+

51
Q

What is the head group of phosphatidylglycerol?

A

-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-OH

52
Q

What is the net charge of phosphatidic acid?

A

-1

53
Q

What is the net charge of phosphatidylethanolamine?

A

0

54
Q

What is the net charge of phosphatidylcholine?

A

0

55
Q

What is the net charge of phosphatidylserine?

A

-1

56
Q

What is the net charge of phosphatidylglycerol?

A

-1

57
Q

Phospholipases are important for _____

A

Intracellular signals

58
Q

What is a lysophospholipid?

A

A phospholipid from which one of the fatty acyl chains has been removed

59
Q

What does phospholipase C act on and what does it produce?

A
  • Phosphatidyl inositol-4,5 bisphosphate

- Diacylglycerol and inositol-1,4,5 triphosphate which are intracellular second messengers

60
Q

What does phospholipase A2 release?

A

Arachidonic acid

Biochem 2 (40 decks)

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