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biochem 2 > Lecture 10 - Carbohydrate Anabolism 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Carbohydrate Anabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the delta G of the photosynthesis reaction?

A

2868 kJ/mol

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2
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

The formation of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O using light as an energy source

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3
Q

What is the photosynthesis reaction?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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4
Q

What is the electron acceptor in the photosynthesis reaction?

A

CO2

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5
Q

What is the electron donor in the photosynthesis reaction for green plants and algae?

A

H2O

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6
Q

What gets reduced in the photosynthesis reaction and what does it become?

A

Carbon dioxide to carbohydrate

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7
Q

What gets oxidized in the photosynthesis reaction and what does it become (for green plants and algae)?

A

H2O to O2

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8
Q

Which 2 processes give rise to the carbon cycle?

A

Respiration and photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the electron donor in the photosynthesis reaction for green sulfur bacteria?

A

H2S

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10
Q

What is the electron donor in the photosynthesis reaction for purple non-sulfur bacteria?

A

Isopropanol

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11
Q

What gets oxidized in the photosynthesis reaction and what does it become (for green sulfur bacteria)?

A

H2S to 12S

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12
Q

What gets oxidized in the photosynthesis reaction and what does it become (for purple non-sulfur bacteria)?

A

Isopropanol to acetone

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13
Q

What are the 2 reactions that occur during photosynthesis?

A

1) Electrons (on carriers) are generated from the electron donor
2) Electrons (from carrier) reduces the CO2

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14
Q

What is the function of hill reagents?

A

Shows that reduced electron carriers are produced independent of CO2 using light energy

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15
Q

What are some examples of hill reagents?

A

Fe3+, NADP+

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16
Q

What is the function of heavy oxygen?

A

Shows that the molecular oxygen used in photosynthesis was derived from H2O, not CO2

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17
Q

What is the difference between heavy oxygen and normal oxygen?

A

Heavy oxygen is an isotope of normal oxygen, with 18 electrons instead of 16

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18
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotic plants?

A

Chloroplast

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19
Q

What absorbs light energy in the chloroplast?

A

Pigments in the thylakoid membrane

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20
Q

Enzymes involved in CO2 reduction are located in _____

A

The stroma surrounding the thylakoid membranes

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21
Q

What occurs in the light stage of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light energy is absorbed by the membrane for the production of NADPH and ATP
  • Water is oxidized to O2
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22
Q

Where does the light stage of photosynthesis occur?

A

Membrane of thylakoid vesicles

23
Q

What occurs in the dark stage of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates using NADPH and ATP from the light stage

24
Q

Is light required for the dark stage of photosynthesis?

A

No

25
Q

Where does the dark stage of photosynthesis occur?

A

Stroma

26
Q

The principal light absorbing pigment is ______

A

Chlorophyll

27
Q

Chlorophyll and other pigments form a _____

A

Light harvesting complex

28
Q

What does light energy have properties of?

A

Both a particle and a wave

29
Q

What is the formula for the speed of light?

A

c = (lambda)(v) / wavelength * frequency

30
Q

What is the relationship between energy and wavelength?

A

Inverse

31
Q

What is the relationship between energy and frequency?

A

Direct

32
Q

Do UV rays have a long or short wavelength and what does this mean for energy?

A

Short wavelength, so high energy

33
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs in the ___ region of the visible spectrum and supplementary excitations can occur in the ____ region

A
  • Red/lower energy

- Blue

34
Q

Chlorophyll reflects light in the _____ region

A

Green

35
Q

How does chlorophyll absorb light energy?

A
  • Photon hits the aromatic rings of chlorophyll (photoexcitation)
  • Pushes electrons of chlorophyll or other pigment into a higher energy state
  • Electrons return back to ground state and release energy and energy is “captured” as the electrons pass to a photosystem
36
Q

What is important about molecules with aromatic components that have conjugated bonds with pi-electrons?

A

The pi-electrons are photoexcited at lower energy levels because they are less tightly bound

37
Q

_____ wavelengths produce higher energy excitation

A

Shorter

38
Q

What does photosystem 1 consist of?

A
  • 16 proteins
  • 168 chlorophylls
  • Carotenoids
  • Fe-S clusters
  • Phylloquinones
39
Q

What is another name for photosystem 1?

A

P700

40
Q

What is another name for photosystem 2?

A

P680

41
Q

What do P700 and P680 do together?

A

Move electrons from H2O to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

42
Q

What is important of a photoexcited electron?

A

It is less tightly bound to the molecule and can be given up more easily, therefore the molecule is a better reducing agent

43
Q

What is the change in reduction potential for photosystem 2?

A

1.0 V -> -0.6 V

44
Q

What is the change in reduction potential for photosystem 1?

A

0.4 V -> -1.0 V

45
Q

How many times is an electron photoexcited to produce NADPH and ATP?

A

Twice

46
Q

How is O2 produced during photosynthesis?

A

By the oxidation of H2O in the oxygen evolving complex

47
Q

How is ATP produced during photosynthesis and what is this process called?

A
  • Electrons flow through a photosystem, allowing protons to be pumped across a membrane to form a gradient
  • Gradient is exploited by ATPase to produce 3 ATP
  • Process is called photophosphorylation
48
Q

Photosystem 2 is a _______ type system

A

Pheophytin-quinone

49
Q

Photosystem 1 is a _____ type system

A

Ferridoxin

50
Q

Does photosystem 2 contain more chlorophyll a or b?

A

About equal amounts

51
Q

Does photosystem 1 contain more chlorophyll a or b?

A

A

52
Q

______ carries an electron between the 2 photosystems

A

Plastocyanin

53
Q

What are the molecules in order in the cytochrome bf-quinone complex?

A

Plastoquinone -> cytochrome bf -> plastocyanin

54
Q

What does the oxygen evolving complex contain and what is its function?

A
  • Contains manganese
  • Pulls electrons out of water to replace the electrons that move from PS 2 -> PS 1 -> NADP+ and generates molecular oxygen

biochem 2 (40 decks)

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