lecture 6 exam 1

Question 1

With irreversible cell injury there is an increase in ___ as time goes on

A) cell fxn

B) cell death (biochemical change)

C) ultrastructural changes

D) light microscopy changes

E) gross morphological changes

Answer 1

B, C, D, E

Question 2

What cells are more vulnerable to cell swelling and hypoxia

Answer 2

cardiomyocytes • proximal renal tubule epithelium • hepatocytes • endothelium • CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes (cytotoxic edema)

Question 3

Most common expression of cell injury

Answer 3

acute cell swelling

Question 4

Most common etiology (cause) of acute cell swelling

Answer 4

hypoxia

toxic agents

Question 5

Describe 3 step pathogenis of acute cell swelling

Answer 5

injury to the cell

Na/H2O in and K out (in cell/organelles)

Extensive vaculation/swelling

Question 6

This organ is a gross example of ___

Answer 6

cell swelling

Question 7

This is an example of ballooning degeneration

Answer 7

Cutaneous vesicles, vesicular exanthema, snout, pig. Etiology: vesicular exanthema of swine virus, a calicivirus (vesivirus).

Question 8

Which side is normal cells and which side is necrotic and how can you tell?

Answer 8

H2O uptake dilutes the cytoplasm • Cells are enlarged with pale cytoplasm • May show increased cytoplasmic eosinophilia • Nucleus in normal position, with no morphological changes

Question 9

What is the etiology of this ballooning degeneration

Answer 9

Etiology : Swinepox virus

Question 10

This is an example of what cellular damage

Answer 10

lipidosis

Question 11

This is the gross exam consequences of what type of cellular damage

Answer 11

lipidosis

Question 12

this change can be physiologic

Answer 12

Physiologic: in late pregnancy (pregnancy toxemia) and heavy early lactation (ketosis) in ruminants Reminder: • Ketone bodies: are alternative fuel for cells • Produced in the liver by mitochondria • Convertion of acetyl CoA from fatty acid oxidation=LIPOLYSIS

Question 13

Pale, soft, friable and sharply demarcated from viable tissue by a zone of inflammation

Answer 13

necrosis

Question 14

Light microscopy changes of necrotic cells in CYTOPLASM

Answer 14

Question 15

Common cause of coagulative necrosis

Answer 15

Ischemia in all solid organs except the brain

Question 16

Identify 1-4

Answer 16

1) central coagulative necrosis
2) leukocyte barrier
3) congestion and hemorrhage
4) normal cells

Question 17

This degeneration necrosis is caused by what and is also named what?

Answer 17

Cause: Vitamin E/selenium deficiency

Condition Synonyms: Nutritional myopathy, white muscle disease

Question 18

what general cell injury is this

Answer 18

enchephalomalacia

liquefactive necros

Question 19

This lesion is affecting the white matter of the brain

Answer 19

leukoenchephalomalacia

Question 20

Lesion affecting the white matter of the spianl cord (outside part of spinal cord)

Answer 20

leukomyleomalacia

Question 21

true or false

This lesion found primarily in the gray matter of the spinal cord is called polioenchephalomalacia

Answer 21

false

poliomyelomalacia

Question 22

Describe the pathogenisis for leukoenchephalomalacia

Answer 22

Pathogenesis: Ingestion of Fusarium moniliforme containing Fumonisin B1 Toxin-Producing Moldy Corn > Sphingolipid Synthesis Inhibition > Direct Cellular Toxicity > Leukoencephalomalacia

Question 23

true or false

Ingestion of Fusarium moniliforme containing Fumonisin B1 Toxin-Producing Moldy Corn causes leukoencephalomalacia in pigs, horses, and chickens

Answer 23

false

in pigs it causes pulmonary edema

in horses and chix causes leukoencephalomalacia

Question 24

Leukomyelitis (inflammation of white matter in the spianl cord) can result from leukomyelomalacia . What is the MDx, if the Etiology is sarcosytis neurona?

Answer 24

MDx: Multifocal necrohemorrhagic (leuko) myelitis

Question 25

A horse presents with multifocal hemorrhagic polyomyelitis. What are some DDx?

Answer 25

Equine herpes virus 1 • Rabies (Lyssavirus) • West Nile virus (Flavivirus)

Question 26

This sheep brain shows evidence of liquifactive necrosis of the gyri, and the sulci are abnormally large. What necrosis is this?

Answer 26

polioencephalomalacia

Question 27

Possible causes for the damage seen in this picture

Answer 27

a. Thiamine deficiency diet (particularly in young animals); b. Increased ruminal thiaminase activity; c. Administration of thiamine analogs Amprolium); d. High levels of sulfur in diet or water; e. Lead toxicity; f. Thiaminase containing plants: Bracken fern (Pteridium spp).

Question 28

This is an example of a ____ in the pituitary gland of a goat.

Answer 28

abcess

Question 29

Define this lesion

Answer 29

A localized collection of pus (liquefied tissue) in a cavity formed by disintegration of tissues surrounded by fibrous connective tissue

Question 30

What are the 2 types of abcesses?

Answer 30

1. Septic: (the majority) =infection, release of enzymes from WBCs and infectious agent (Pyogenic bacteria, e.g.: Staphylococcus aureus) 2. Sterile: process caused by nonliving irritants such as drugs  likely to turn into firm, solid lumps as they scar, rather than remaining pockets of pus

Question 31

true or false This is a histology of coagulative necrosis

Answer 31

false abcess liquifactive necrosis

Question 32

Gangrenous necrosis usually begins as what type of necrosis due to ischemia?

Answer 32

coaglative

Question 33

This type of gangrene is superinfected by bacteria

Answer 33

wet gangrene

Question 34

What are some possible causes of casseous necrosis

Answer 34

Mycobacterium  Corynebacterium  Fusobacterium  fungal infections

Question 35

What is the cause of this in small rums

Answer 35

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Disease name: Caseous lymphadenitis

Question 36

True or false This is a casseous necrosis

Answer 36

false abcess

Question 37

This is a picture of a cow lung, what is the Mdx and the disease name?

Answer 37

MDx: Multifocal caseous pneumonia Name of disease: Tuberculosis

Question 38

This is a chronic condition of necrosis and is associated with poor degradable lipids

Answer 38

Caseous necrosis

Question 39

What type of necrosis is occuring in the pancreas of this dog

Answer 39

fat necrosis

Question 40

How can you tell this is fat necrosis?

Answer 40

Necrotic fat often becomes saponified and so grossly the lesion is chalky to gritty and pale white. the large area of fat necrosis with acute inflammation and saponification (basophilic areas).

Question 41

This fat necrosis is occuring in what organ?

Answer 41

mesentary of the intestines in the abdominal cavity

Question 42

special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels • occurs when Ag-Ab complexes are deposited in the walls of arteries

Answer 42

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 43

What process are the cells with the arrows undergoing?

Answer 43

apoptosis