lecture 5 exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 5 MAIN types of Cell adaptions?
Occurs when the cell homeostasis is distorted by stresses or pathologic stimuli
cell adaption
tendency to stability in the normal body states of the organism; it is the ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
homeostasis
Cell adaption that causes cells to decrease in size and/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached, cells are not dead, ↓ protein synthesis and ↑protein degradation in cells.
atrophy
Name some causes of atrophy?
↓ workload
denervation
↓ blood supply or oxygen
inadequate nutrition
loss of endocrine stimulation
aging (Senescence)
The cell adaptation in this picture of a larynx is described as unilateral left side is smaller and paler. What is the cell adaptation and what is this unilateral adaption allude to?
atrophy
unilateral alludes to denervation
The left is normal and the right is an age realated cell adaption known as ____
atrophy
decreased ACTH stimulation (steroid therapy) can cause what cell adaption?
atrophy
what is an example of physiologic atrophy?
non-lactating mammary glands
The hearts in the picture are the same age, which one is abnormal and which is normal? What is happening to the abnormal heart?
The left is abnormal. Serous atrophy of fat
This bone has gone under what type of atrophy?
serous fat atrophy
This hydrocephalus is due to increased CSF fluid causing what cell adaption?
cerebral cortex compression atrophy
What is the difference between atrophy, hypoplasia, and aplasia?
Increased size of cells and their functions. Synthesis of more organelles and structural proteins: bigger cells, more common in cells with little replication, stable or permanent cells: cardiomyocytes, neurons
hypertrophy
This pregnant uterus is an example of physiologic ___
hypertrophy
this thickened heart is due to
cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve dz
cardiac hypertrophy (different causes/mechanisms) limit beyond which enlargement of muscle mass is no longer able to cope with the increased burden several regressive changes occur in the myocardial fibers ( e.g. lysis and loss of myofibrillar contractile elements) extreme cases myocyte death
heart failure
true or false
cardiac hyperplasia is what is causing this heart to become enlarged
false
hypertrophy
This disorganization of what type of muscle is a form of what type of cell adaption
heart muscle
hypertrophy
Rounded enlarged heart =
hypertrophy
Is there normal hyperplasia?
yes
physiologic (preg mammary glands)
compensatory (after hepactectomy)
this is an example of what cell adaption in the epidermis?
hyperplasia
True or false
This is diseased epidermis
false
this is normal epidermis
True or false
This is an example of gingival hypertrophy
false
hyperplasia
Metaplasia is a change in cell ___
phenotype
Metaplasia happens most often in what type of cells
epithelial
Chronic irritation in the lungs (smoking/pollution), Vit A defiency, estrogen toxicity, mammary tumors: make you think of what cell adaption
metaplasia
true or false
Squamous cell metaplasia
true
What is a key concept that differentiates metaplasia from dysplasia?
dysplasia can only be seen microscopically NOT GROSSLY
“Carcinoma in situ”
dysplasia
What is the MDx of this lesion in a cat kidney
kidney stone in pelvis compressing it. atrophy by kidney nephrolithe w/ hydronephrosis cortical and medullary atrophy with medullary fibrosis diffuse
This is an example of what type of cell adaption
hyperplasia
A dogs enlarged prostate is probably due to which underlined mechanism?
hyperplasia
Cryptospirdium in this snake stomach/GI causes what cellular mechanism?
hyperplasia
This occurs when the lymphoid tissue of the cat stomach is chronically stimulated
hyperplasia
True or false
The liver of a dog (in this pic), but also the pancreas, thyroid, adrenal gland, and spleen proliferate cells that are not functioning. This hyperplasia is an abnormal pathology.
false
it is a normal age related change
What cellular mechanism is occuring in this dog kidney?
atrophy
severe hydronephrosis
Name the disease affecting this kidney
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
cystic renal disease
