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lecture 5 exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 MAIN types of Cell adaptions?

A
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2
Q

Occurs when the cell homeostasis is distorted by stresses or pathologic stimuli

A

cell adaption

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3
Q

tendency to stability in the normal body states of the organism; it is the ability to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

A

homeostasis

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4
Q

Cell adaption that causes cells to decrease in size and/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached, cells are not dead, ↓ protein synthesis and ↑protein degradation in cells.

A

atrophy

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5
Q

Name some causes of atrophy?

A

↓ workload

denervation

↓ blood supply or oxygen

inadequate nutrition

loss of endocrine stimulation

aging (Senescence)

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6
Q

The cell adaptation in this picture of a larynx is described as unilateral left side is smaller and paler. What is the cell adaptation and what is this unilateral adaption allude to?

A

atrophy

unilateral alludes to denervation

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7
Q

The left is normal and the right is an age realated cell adaption known as ____

A

atrophy

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8
Q

decreased ACTH stimulation (steroid therapy) can cause what cell adaption?

A

atrophy

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9
Q

what is an example of physiologic atrophy?

A

non-lactating mammary glands

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10
Q

The hearts in the picture are the same age, which one is abnormal and which is normal? What is happening to the abnormal heart?

A

The left is abnormal. Serous atrophy of fat

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11
Q

This bone has gone under what type of atrophy?

A

serous fat atrophy

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12
Q

This hydrocephalus is due to increased CSF fluid causing what cell adaption?

A

cerebral cortex compression atrophy

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13
Q

What is the difference between atrophy, hypoplasia, and aplasia?

A
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14
Q

Increased size of cells and their functions. Synthesis of more organelles and structural proteins: bigger cells, more common in cells with little replication, stable or permanent cells: cardiomyocytes, neurons

A

hypertrophy

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15
Q

This pregnant uterus is an example of physiologic ___

A

hypertrophy

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16
Q

this thickened heart is due to

A

cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve dz

17
Q

cardiac hypertrophy (different causes/mechanisms)  limit beyond which enlargement of muscle mass is no longer able to cope with the increased burden several regressive changes occur in the myocardial fibers ( e.g. lysis and loss of myofibrillar contractile elements) extreme cases  myocyte death

A

heart failure

18
Q

true or false

cardiac hyperplasia is what is causing this heart to become enlarged

A

false

hypertrophy

19
Q

This disorganization of what type of muscle is a form of what type of cell adaption

A

heart muscle

hypertrophy

20
Q

Rounded enlarged heart =

A

hypertrophy

21
Q

Is there normal hyperplasia?

A

yes

physiologic (preg mammary glands)

compensatory (after hepactectomy)

22
Q

this is an example of what cell adaption in the epidermis?

A

hyperplasia

23
Q

True or false

This is diseased epidermis

A

false

this is normal epidermis

24
Q

True or false

This is an example of gingival hypertrophy

A

false

hyperplasia

25
Q

Metaplasia is a change in cell ___

A

phenotype

26
Q

Metaplasia happens most often in what type of cells

A

epithelial

27
Q

Chronic irritation in the lungs (smoking/pollution), Vit A defiency, estrogen toxicity, mammary tumors: make you think of what cell adaption

A

metaplasia

28
Q

true or false

Squamous cell metaplasia

A

true

29
Q

What is a key concept that differentiates metaplasia from dysplasia?

A

dysplasia can only be seen microscopically NOT GROSSLY

30
Q

“Carcinoma in situ”

A

dysplasia

31
Q

What is the MDx of this lesion in a cat kidney

A

kidney stone in pelvis compressing it. atrophy by kidney nephrolithe w/ hydronephrosis cortical and medullary atrophy with medullary fibrosis diffuse

32
Q

This is an example of what type of cell adaption

A

hyperplasia

33
Q

A dogs enlarged prostate is probably due to which underlined mechanism?

A

hyperplasia

34
Q

Cryptospirdium in this snake stomach/GI causes what cellular mechanism?

A

hyperplasia

35
Q

This occurs when the lymphoid tissue of the cat stomach is chronically stimulated

A

hyperplasia

36
Q

True or false

The liver of a dog (in this pic), but also the pancreas, thyroid, adrenal gland, and spleen proliferate cells that are not functioning. This hyperplasia is an abnormal pathology.

A

false

it is a normal age related change

37
Q

What cellular mechanism is occuring in this dog kidney?

A

atrophy

severe hydronephrosis

38
Q

Name the disease affecting this kidney

A

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

cystic renal disease

39
Q
A

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