Lecture 6

Question 1

Principle foundation of utilitarianism principle

Answer 1

WE are animals susceptible of pleasure and pain

Question 2

Moral values

Answer 2

Benefit others and doesnot make us behave in a bad way.

Question 3

Virtues

Answer 3

Capacity we got to deflect from desires

Question 4

Principle of happiness

Answer 4

Something is good if it brings happiness to the greatest number

Question 5

Principle of happiness have two meanings

Answer 5

Quantitative happiness (Kill him and save 20 , ok let us kill him )Wrong

More solid conception of concept of happiness by mill ( means are end , i work because i really enjoy my work/ A society that can secure the freedom of action for everyone is a happy society) this will produce a society of geniuses
Authenticity : when you do what you want u will be authentic this will also be present in mills society (In yourself you will be honest and authentic because u do what u want)

Question 6

The system of justice that is in conformity with this principle

Answer 6

Preventive justice:
Punishment: we need to know why he is condemned so to prevent the crime agian, we need to look at the reason so i can eductate the society about this crime and its punishment so they want do it again.
Also punishment must be humane, useful, and propotional. Because we dont want suffer and pain for the condemned and people because we if the convicted suffer it will bring pain.

Question 7

How we can determine an action as crime

Answer 7

We transform it to law and we see harm and alarm . If we see the law produced harm and alarm implies action is a crime

Question 8

The law must be universal

Answer 8

It need to apply on everyone, else people will not feel it as a law . Universality is the form of the law (everyone must obey) but that is not the way to produce a law neither that is not why to produce law.

Question 9

Generalization is very recurrent mistake in practical reasoning (What if everyone is doing that)

Answer 9

True

Question 10

why do we generate a law

Answer 10

prevent a crime
Induce a behavior
Distribute goods

Question 11

The apple example (If we generalize , we will have no more apples in the field). Also we cant forbid because people have a desire to pluck apples

Answer 11

Forbidding plucking apples will be not be realistic law
Allow a handful of appples
The law rationalized desires ( created a ratio between desires) so it pacified the atmosdphere and solved the problem

Question 12

If everyine starts to change himsled the universe will change

Answer 12

False reasoning because it is fallacy (it cant be achieved because if it can be achieved we will not have the problem itself, it contradicts itself)
Problem of generaliztion it wont give u practical soltion to the problem
Instead of thinking by generalization we put a law and then we have to implement the law by surveillance and see its effects

Question 13

The origin of right

Answer 13

life
Principle of happiness can give you the regime of justice but it cant contradict the origin of justice (in name of happiness u cant kill)

Question 14

For the market that follows utilitarian system, it is a free market. The origin of the free market (foundation) is

Answer 14

private property

Question 15

Origin of private property (2 theories)

Answer 15

John locke (The theory of craftsman ship... you own what you work on) 
David hume ( The theory of habit, you own what you are used to) (If you fall on island and you get used to sleep on the left tree, the left tree will be yours)

Question 16

John locke theory

Answer 16

God create us as alive and because we are alive and free we work and because we work we have products of work. Thus, these products of work is an extension of life (which mean the origin of right is life, we have the right of private property of the work)
This right is because your preporty is extension of your life (work is what your life has produced or what your life depend on like your land) implies you have the right of property because it falls within origin of life

Question 17

John locke

Answer 17

you own what your life produces and what your life depend on

Question 18

John locke (More riligous view)

Answer 18

You dont own your life because its product of GOD.

Question 19

Some people say you own your life (secular part of utilitarianism) Parents dont own u because you have freedom

Answer 19

Because your body is a product of life and you own your body (So u can sell your kidney …..Debate)

Question 20

The economical regime for utilitarianism

Answer 20

1) Freedom/freedom of enterprise (you can produce any market, you want to produce tomatoes), you cant centralize he market
2) If everyone pursue his own happiness, this will result in competition and thus higher quality and benefit for general good. (Private interest benefit the whole people) Invisible hand

Question 21

What is against free market

Answer 21

Monopoly
Corpoartism (huge corporations)
This will lead these companies to be the only one available thus making other companies unable to exist (limiting freedom) , and also it will make people work for them (limit their choice), and they will be able to control the price (also limiting freedom)
If we limit monoply we are not limiting the geniuse of the person because if we let him he will be infringing others freedom. Because of we allow monopoly he will destroy the free market (as if you cant make a law that will destroy preventive justice)
We need to secure the free market.

Question 22

Principle of fluctuation

Answer 22

You need to let the prices to fluctuate because it will lead to the best products at best prices

Question 23

Principle of incentive in a free market

Answer 23

You have to be paid in accordance to your capacities (We cant pay mohammad ali as any boxer in the neighborhood)
If we start paying people the same way , people will lose incentive.
We must have equality of oppurtinity but not equality of income.
Everyone must be able to participitate(white, black…._ but not everyone can get same salary (Depends on how good u are)

Question 24

Principle of competition

Answer 24

people can excel and prices are better for general

Question 25

Affirmative action (better distribution of opportunities) (Melton freedom doesnt agree with it)

Answer 25

Given that not everyone is/has the same background , we must favor the weak over the strong.
We must give equal oppurtinity. Shouldnt we make a law that can ensure that .

Question 26

Why affirmative action is in conformity with principle of happiness

Answer 26

Beacuse if you have people coming from minorities as doctors lawyers.. , these people better understand their communities and thus better help them, and it will distribute wealth and remove tensions

Question 27

Can u have taxation

Answer 27

on theoratical level taxation is forbidden, because my money is my extension of my life and thus i Have the right to keep and nobody to take it.
We can have taxation for big public projects.
We can have philanthropy( free market will allow people to be very rich thus will be willing to give back because they will feel they are a part of bigger humane picture
,if u are right wing utilitariansim , you dont need to have social security

Question 28

If i pay u to study

Answer 28

u are destroying the freedom , reading become a mean .no more motivation

Question 29

Philip morris (Thank you for smoking)

Answer 29

u cant conclude from economical result the validity of the ethics of the products

Question 30

Can u put a price on life (quantify life)

Answer 30

U can quantify life for economic analysis but u cant use it as a way to validate to harm people because it will be better economically