Kant lecture 1

Question 1

Immanuel kant

Answer 1

Witness the french revolution, huge name ; of the few; kant he is not saying let us go back to the religious system as it is.
Kant has a project of rationalizing religion (bringing reason into religion)

Question 2

Kant wants to ground old morality on reason not on revalation

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Kant says that there are somethings that u see and somethings that u dont see in science

Answer 3

There is practice ad cognition:
Practice : shill i kiil my friend or not
cognition: why do apples fall, why water boils

Question 4

Kant also makes very clear cut between free beings and necessity (What does he mean by necessity

Answer 4

free beings:us

necesssity: like water

Question 5

Rules that governs object that are not us are different from rules that govern us (rational free beings)

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Grounding morality

Answer 6

Knowing why and how …..proofs

Question 7

Kant believes thatt every course of ethics should begin with a catechism ( the priest or profesSOR ask u question and see how moral u are by default)

Answer 7

True

Question 8

To be worthy of happiness,does not mean u have happiness. (To be happy does it mean u deserve it)

Answer 8

Like good people in lebanon

and vice versa regarding politicians

Question 9

Kant is saying that u dont have a direct implication between what we call moral behavior and happiness

Answer 9

Sometimes they can coincide and sometimes they cant

Question 10

Let us take harm for example

Answer 10

Utilitariansim define harmas action that brings pain and punishment is giving pain to person be punished. If really the woeld is made up from pleasure and pain, the world will narrow to an action, that if u didnt calculate enough it will bring you pain rather than pleasure. Sometimes if it causes pain i may not be crime. Because if u cross the street and got struck by truck and got harm, i am not criminal bcz of miscalculation. Kant is saying there is something more.
If we say crime is bad because it brings pains, this will be as saying crossing the street and getting hit by bus is crime. (U feel there is something more than pleasure and pain, u didnot do it by intentional premeditated way)

Question 11

Kant want to explain the notion of should and shouldnot

Answer 11

Kant says there is a fact of ought(we know what we should or shouldnot do, kiil,steal….) even if ought is not a fact (people in fact doesnt follow the should and shouldnot, people lie)
I know i shouldnot lie even if all people inclding me are lying (Bad in itself)
Even if wife and husband agree on betrayal, it is bad on itslef.
A serial killer comes to kill ur children; should u lie (No); Will u lie (yes)

Question 12

Lie is absolute categorical

Answer 12

U shouldnot lie

Question 13

Why are not acting on pure imperical ground

Answer 13

(WE are not measuring cons and pro)

Question 14

Theory of action in kant

Answer 14

Kant is introducing something new;”Pure;

U can have pure intention/motivation or you can have emperical intention/motivation

Question 15

You want an apple

Answer 15

Is it empirical object (What you sense) that will give u empirical pleasure

Question 16

Kant said you could on a pure intention

Answer 16

intention that is not empirical. I dont lie because I dont lie because of principle , out of concept.
Honset with friend even if it will hurt him .( Change your suit because u will look like a clown)
Out of princiople
I am not honest withmy firnd neither because it gives me pleasure nor gives me pleasure . It is because of conceptual coherence.
Friendship includes honesty as a concept ; we must have coherence (logical coherence)
u are being honest because of honesty not because it is good for business

Question 17

Kant want to do practical philosophy meaning he wants to prove that coherence is the ground of values and transgression of values

Answer 17

explain why crime is bad and saying the truth is good

He want to make law of coherence

Question 18

Moral law or universality test

Answer 18

Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the
same time will that it become a universal law
make ur maxim (subjective) universal, if it hols at the same time do it, if it doesnot dont do it

, i enjoy stealing, u want to weir the veil, i want to swim……do they hold morally

if everyone kills everyone, no one remain to shoot; self contradictory action (not the right way to think because it is generalization)

in kant context
if i make a law everyone can steal, if u go down and take ur cars neighbor, is it act of theft no its taking implies it is immorl because it didnt hold in particular as assumed by general *it changed from theft taking” It becomes practical contradiction.

if we saying killing is allowed
when u kill it is not a murder anymore.
Human life loses it is value

if we say eating banana is allowed
if everyone is eating banana , it remains eating banana , it holds

Question 19

kant also has natural law

Answer 19

if we take homosexuality, we willl have impossibility of reproduction

Question 20

let us take betrayel

Answer 20

betrayel is allowed

u are having an encounter, its not betrayel; will not hold. Relations lose its value

Question 21

lying is allowed

Answer 21

Truth will lose it is value; it becomes incorrect speech

Question 22

Kant says

Answer 22

Beatiful woman sitting in the house, if u go inside the house and have sex we are going to hang u.
If u do calculation of pain and pleasure , you are not free.
if uare catched by enemies and got tortured by enemy and u didnt betray u friend.
if u dont betray because u should not betray, uare free
else if out of blame ; u are not free.
Moral dilemmas occur if u weigh pleasure and pain, or betweeen pleasures or pains

U are free if u choose coherence of concept regardless of pain and pleasure. Here u will have moral dilemma or temptation

Question 23

with the dentist to remove a tooth u will not experiencefreedom, u dont have a concept here

Answer 23

true

Question 24

To conclude

Answer 24

When u decide for freedom, in ur decision u are free, in actment is however part of nature *causality of nature”
Ur a revolutionist, if u refuse to report ur friend out of honesty , however the pain endured is a part of nature.
we are free in the decision but in the performance of the decision.