Kant lecture 2

Question 1

Kant: morality will guide you towards God and it is grounded on reason

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Difference between moral actions and normal actions

Answer 2

when u want to go swimming , eat a pizza, .. when u choose between these objects , u dont have a difference in nature; it is up to u; there is no fundemantal difference.
However if u act immorally there is a fundemantal difference

Question 3

Crime is not just bringing pain, there is something intrinsically bad about crime and other immoral actions

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Morality have one of its intrinsic characterisitics necessitating , meaning u have to

Answer 4

(Imperical decisions are not necessitating , u dont have to eat a burger or a pizza;
However u have to tell the truth even when u fail to tell the truth

Question 5

From where do we got the property of necessitating the action

Answer 5

Kant says u get it from practical reason.For example concept of friendship
FRiendship includes in its pararmeters honesty. Concept wise :Can u be a friend without being honest… no
same for husband and spouse, u cant be husband and wife
concepts that are practical concepts , suchas being father,friend,husband that relate to our practical life have inner determination (properties); u need to be honest,loyal… to be friend
U cant be a square if u dont have 4 equal sided
we are supposing that for each concepts we have the requirements

Question 6

What is reasoning

Answer 6

Faculty of deducing something from something else,
Premise:All men are mortal
middle premise: Socrate is a man
Conclusion: Socrate is mortal
This is a cognitive reasoning

Question 7

Kant is saying we can have practical reasoning

we can determine our will (what we should do ) based on practical reasoning

Answer 7

Friendship implies honesty
middle premise:Ahmad is my friend;
Conclusion: I should be honest to ahmad

Question 8

Imperical determination of the will (based on calculation of pain and pleasure) vs pure determination of the will

Answer 8

Pure determination of the will ( Grounded on practical reason, i will not lie because lieing is a conceptual miscoherence, i want conceptual coherence of friendship)
Peaceful life of morality

If ur friends comes wearing a suit that u think is stupid, u must tell him it is stupid. WE are not debating if the suit is good or bad. (U must tell him what u think honestly)
necessasity of friendship
Goodness is when u have conceptual coherence , u dont guarantee the consequences.

kant says: the only good thing in this world is a good will (it must be build on practical reason).

Question 9

In order to have duty of action

Answer 9

u need to have practical reason; i am telling myself what to do because the concept tells me this is how it should be.
u are only responsible for good will

Question 10

From where kant got his moral law

Answer 10

Act only in accordance with that maxim through which you can at the
same time will that it become a universal law.
whatever u want to do, if u want to know if it is moral or not, before doing it, you have to make a test in which u check what u want to do is actually valid for everyone without falling into a conceptual contradiction.
Kant wants to find the law the governs all the practical imperatives. Kant haave all the practical imperatives:
U should honor u parents
U shouldnt steel
u should be hones…
kant wants to find the law of the laws of the imperatives

Question 11

Law of the laws
1–The law must abstract what is common about all particulars (Should and should not), the form of the law must be in categorical imperatives
2-fuction of the law, (the law conform to the the categorical imperatives)
3- The law then , all the particular have to conform to the universal
It has an empty form

Answer 11

true

Question 12

Science vs morality

Answer 12

In laws of nature, the facts do conforms with the laws but they dont have to . Science changes but morality doesnt change.
Else we dont have evolution of science

Question 13

IN morality u dont have cultural relativism(one vs 4 women),

Answer 13

Morality must hold all the time,forever and for everyone

Question 14

The moral law imposes in the particulars to be universal, this is why morality is eternal

Answer 14

true

Question 15

practical reason function is not to forecast consequences but to oblige the will to act on the ground of reason

Answer 15

true, anything that can become universal without conceptual incoherence is valid

Question 16

The concept of personhood

Answer 16

To be abe to act morally , the end oh your action must be coherence of the concept
U relate to ur friend for by relating to the concept of friendship (in the conceptual coherance)
That is why we call them person, u are persons because each of u play the role of a conceptual entity .
U are bad friend because u dont relate to ur friend via the friend person (the conceptual friend)
That is why u cant be moral to ur cat bcz cat doesnt have reason thus a persona

Question 17

In order to act morally u need

Answer 17

practical reason (deduce an action from coherence of the concept)
which will determine a good will (the role of reason is not to calculate consequences, but to determine a good will (pure)
How do we know what is practical reason, it is what conforms with the moral law; meaning whatever ur maxim is , if it can become universal it becomes a moral action (ur maxiim have to be universal) else immoral.
It means moral law is eternal, it applies after man and before man and everywhere and not relative to anything
In order to perform the action , u need someone to represent the person which is the conceptual persona which is another reasonable persona
The only thing must applied on all people is conceptual coherence
we still didnt why; we are answering what