lecture 6+7: autonomic and endocrine systems

Question 1

efferent neurons

Answer 1

carry info away from central nervous system

Question 2

afferent neurons

Answer 2

carry info to central nervous system

Question 3

motor (efferent neurons)

Answer 3

• somatic: voluntary -> skeletal muscle
• autonomic: involuntary
  -> sympathetic
  -> parasympathetic

Question 4

nerve synapes

Answer 4

1. nerve impulse travels down axo to reach axon terminal
2. increase voltage lets Ca2+ ions in to bulb
3. increase in calcium causes vesicles to move to synaptic cleft and release neurotransmitters
4. neurotransmitters act on on post-synaptic cleft which opens Na+ channels
5. Na+ flows in and causes nerve impulse

Question 5

increase sympathetic nervous system effects (alarm)

Answer 5

• *increase heart rate and contraction force
• dilate pupils*
• decrease saliva
• dilate bronchi and breathe faster
• constrict peripheral arterioles
• contract arrector poli muscles (standing hair)
• increase sweat
• drecrease digestion
• increase blood sugar
• increase blood pressure

Question 6

increase parasympathetic nervous system effects (relaxation)

Answer 6

• decrease heart rate and contraction force
• contract pupils
• increase saliva
• constrict bronchi and breathe slower
• dilate peripheral arterioles
• relaxe arrector poli muscles (standing hair)
• decrease sweat
• increase digestion
• decrease blood sugar
• decrease blood pressure

Question 7

limbic system

Answer 7

thalamus,
hypothalamus,
basal ganglia,
cingulate gyrus,
hippocampus,
and amygdala

Question 8

neuro transmitters of somatic nervous system and autonomic

Answer 8

Somatic: acetylcholine
autonomic: acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Question 9

raynaud disease

Answer 9

sympathetic system doesn’t turn down as quickly as it should. results in extra constriction or arterioles so therefore cold, numb, and unoxeginated extremities

Question 9

hypothalamus function

Answer 9

alter behaviour, circadian rhythm, metabolism, and body temp through control of autonmoc nervous system and pituitary gland

Question 10

central trunk of endocrine system

Answer 10

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands

Question 11

paracrine hormones

Answer 11

affects nearby cell

Question 12

autocrine hormones

Answer 12

affects the cell that produced the hormone

Question 13

lipid soluble proteins

Answer 13

transported through blood via transport protein. go through lipid bi layer. normally act on nucleus of cell

Question 14

water soluble protein

Answer 14

travel through blood by itself. trigger target cell via receptors membrane of cell and causes effect within cell, sometimes via second messenger

Question 15

hypophyseal portal veins

Answer 15

connects pituitary and hypothalamus for communication between the two

Question 16

adrenal medulla purpose

Answer 16

stimulated by acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons to release epinephrine or norepinephrine to enhance sympathetic alarm response

Question 17

stress response

Answer 17

1. immediate Alarm response - sympatheic increase with adrenal medula
2. resistance reaction - cortisol released from adrenal cortex

Question 18

purpose of stress response first stage

Answer 18

mobilise resources for immediate Physical activite; glucose and oxygen;

Question 19

adrenal cortex

Answer 19

• produces eithermineralocorticoids to increase blood pressure and volume
• producise glucocorticoids (e.g cortisol) via stimualtion from ACTH.

Question 20

cortisol purpose

Answer 20

resistance reaction: control inflammation and alter immune response
- increase glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids for ATP, protein synthesis respectively.
- increase blood pressure
- reduce inflamation so slower tissue repair
- altered immune response to increase susceptibility to some infection