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Microbiology Exam 1 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Is the cell wall living or non living?

A

non living

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2
Q

is the cell wall extracellular?

A

no

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3
Q

Is the cell wall an integral part of the cell

A

yes

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4
Q

is the cell wall the same thing as the glycocalyx?

A

no

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5
Q

how much of the dry weight of a cell is its cell wall?

A

20-40%

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6
Q

what is plasmoptysis?

A

bursting of the cell

osmotic lysis

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7
Q

what are the general properties of the cell wall?

A

non living
not extra cellular
is 20-40% of the dry weight of the bacteria

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8
Q

What sort of osmotic conditions do bacteria live in?

A

low osmotic conditions

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9
Q

Does water flow into or out of the cell?

A

into the cell

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10
Q

Use the terms hypertonic, isotonic, and/or hyoptonic to describe a cell and its ideal environment

A

The cell is slightly hypertonic to its environment

the environment is slightly hypotonic to the cell

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11
Q

you have 2 samples. sample A is hypertonic to sample b

which has a lower solute concentration?

A

sample b does

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12
Q

does the cell wall shrink during plasmolysis?

A

no

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13
Q

does the cell membrane shrink during plasmolysis?

A

yes

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14
Q

What shape would bacteria be without a cell wall?

A

spheres

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15
Q

what are the functions of the cell wall?

A

prevents plasmoptysis
gives shape
provides an anchor for flagella
acts as a sieve

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16
Q

what is a sieve?

A

a filter, semipermiable membrane

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17
Q

does the cell wall allow things to pass through it?

A

yes but it is selective and won’t let everything through

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18
Q

what is murein?

A

a peptido glycan

the backbone of the cell wall

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19
Q

What does NAM stand for?

A

N-acetylmuramic acid

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20
Q

What does NAG stand for?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

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21
Q

Is NAM found in all organisms?

A

only bacteria

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22
Q

Is NAG found in all organisms?

A

yes

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23
Q

How are NAM and NAG attached?

A

covalent bonds

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24
Q

What is attached by peptide inter-bridges?

A

NAMs

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25
Q

Name three magic bullets

A

Pennicillin
Cephalosporins
Lysozomes

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26
Q

What is a principle component of chiton?

A

NAG

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27
Q

How are NAM molecules connected?

A

peptide inter bridges

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28
Q

How do cephalosporins work?

A

targets the murien in the cell walls by breaking the peptide inter-bridges which ultimately destroys the cell wall

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29
Q

What color is a G+ organism after staining and counter staining?

A

purple

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30
Q

What color is a G- organism after staining and counter staining?

A

pink

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31
Q

What is the most supported theory as to why G+ and G- bacteria are different?

A

a permeation phenomenon based on the cell wall thickness

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32
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have teichoic acid?

A

G+

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33
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have O-polysaccharied?

A

G-

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34
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have lysine?

A

G+

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35
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have Diaminopimelic acid?

A

G-

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36
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have an outer 2nd membrane?

A

G-

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37
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have porins?

A

G-

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38
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have more murien in their wall?

A

G+ has more

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39
Q

what percent murein is a G+ cell wall?

A

50-90%

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40
Q

what percent murein is a G- cell wall?

A

10-20%

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41
Q

Do G+ or G- bacteria have a thicker layer of murein in their wall?

A

G+ has a thicker layer

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42
Q

What thickness of murein does a G- bacteria have?

A

10nm

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43
Q

What thickness of its murein layer does G+ have?

A

20-80nm

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44
Q

Do yeast stain G+ or G-?

A

G+

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45
Q

Do fungi have chitin?

A

yes

46
Q

Do fungi have murein?

A

no

47
Q

Do all bacteria have an outer membrane?

A

no, only G- have an outer membrane

48
Q

What is the outer membrane made of?

A

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

49
Q

What happens when G- bacteria die?

A

their outer membrane breaks down into an endotoxin

50
Q

What happens during gram negative shock?

A

you go into shock, your blood pressure drops and you get a fever

51
Q

Does the outer membrane let everything into the cell?

A

no, it is selectively permiable

52
Q

What does the outer membrane use to let things through it?

A

porins

53
Q

What does the outer membrane protect against?

A

antibiotics
detergents
bile

54
Q

What does bile do?

A

it emulsifies lipids

55
Q

How does Smith describe the peptidoglycan layer’s position in the cell?

A

“It is between the cell membrane and the outer membrane”

56
Q

Where in the cell is the periplasmic space?

A

it is between the outer most wall/membrane and the innermost membrane, it may be divided up into pieces if the peptidoglycan layer is present

57
Q

What does the alcohol do to G- bacteria when gram staining?

A

it poles holes in the outer membrane

58
Q

What is the first living part of the cell?

A

the cell membrane

59
Q

What is the living part of the cell called?

A

the protoplast

60
Q

Is the cell membrane impermeable, selectively permeable, or differentially permeable?

A

differentially permeable

61
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

the living part of the cell

62
Q

What does differentially permeable mean?

A

it regulates what is transferred through the cell, not just based on size like selectively permeable

63
Q

Do bacteria have cholesterol in their cell membrane?

A

no

64
Q

what makes up the bacteria’s cell wall?

A

enzymes

65
Q

What are the purposes of the bacterial cell membrane?

A

Respiration and regulation

66
Q

What is the chemical make up of a phospholipid?

A

1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
1 phosphate
1 organic group

67
Q

What is the chemical make up of glycerol?

A

a 3 carbon alcohol, 3 alcohol groups

68
Q

At what carbon is the phosphate group

A

it is at the third carbon

69
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

the phospholipid molecules and the proteins in the membrane can move

70
Q

what does amphipathic mean?

A

a molecule which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

71
Q

Do bacteria have cholesterol or ergosterol?

A

no

72
Q

In what organisms can you find ergosterol?

A

fungi

73
Q

In what organisms can you find cholesterol?

A

animals

74
Q

Is a phospholipid amphipathic?

A

yes

75
Q

Which part of the phopholipid is hydrophillic?

A

the phosphate head

76
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

the lipid tail

77
Q

What is a sterol?

A

a steroid linked to an alcohol group

78
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

A

no

79
Q

Do bacteria have a nucleoid?

A

yes

80
Q

how many chromosomes do bacteria have?

A

1

81
Q

What are plasmids?

A

additional DNA that are sometimes found in bacteria

82
Q

Do bacteria have extrachromosomal DNA?

A

yes, plasmids

83
Q

Do humans have extrachromosomal DNA?

A

yes, in our rhibosomes

84
Q

what do plasmids generally code for?

A

drug resistance

85
Q

What is the organelle of locomotion?

A

the flagella

86
Q

Does the flagella affect virulence? how so?

A

yes, it makes it easier for them to invade the body

87
Q

What is the main way that organisms become drug resistant?

A

plasmids

88
Q

What stain do you use to stain for flagella?

A

silver stain

89
Q

Describe a bacterial flagella

A

a single microfillament that rotates to move and is very long

90
Q

Describe a eukaryotic flagella

A

In eukaryotes fillaments are in a 9+2 arrangement (9 pairs on the outside, 2 in the center of the microtubules)

91
Q

Which are longer flagella or fimbriae?

A

flagella

92
Q

What is the purpose of fimbriae?

A

used for attachment to the host cell

93
Q

Name two organisms which have fimbriae?

A

Nesseria gonorrhea

e. coli

94
Q

What is opthalmia neonaterum?

A

newborns are blinded by passing through their mother’s gonorrhea infested vagina during birth

95
Q

How are fimbriae and virulence related?

A

Organisms that lack fimbriae are less pathogenic

96
Q

What is the plural of pulus?

A

pili

97
Q

What is conjugation?

A

sharing/exchange of DNA from the nucleoid or the plasmids using a pilus

98
Q

does conjugation lead to genetic recombination?

A

yes

99
Q

What does the pilus do?

A

it attaches conjugating bacteria

100
Q

What causes q fever?

A

coxiella brybati

101
Q

What do endospores do?

A

they allow for a species to outlive harsh conditions

102
Q

Are endospores a form of reproduction?

A

no

103
Q

what is the endospore formed in?

A

it is formed inside the vegetative cell

104
Q

What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?

A

Disinfection kills everything but endospores

Sterilization kills endospores as well as everything else

105
Q

name 4 organisms that form endospores

A

bacillus
clostridium
sporosarcinae
coxiella brybati

106
Q

what shape is sporosarcinae?

A

cocci

107
Q

what disease does sporosarcinae cause?

A

it causes no disease

108
Q

where is coxiella brybati found?

A

unpasturized milk

109
Q

What diseases have endospores?

A

anthrax
tetnus
q-fever

110
Q

how many endospores are there formed per cell?

A

1

Microbiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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