Lecture 10

Question 1

Define a variation

Answer 1

When a bacterial cell is different from its parent cell (has new characteristics)

Question 2

What is is called when a bacterial cell has new characteristics when compared to the parent cells?

Answer 2

A variation

Question 3

Name the different types of pehnotypic variations

Answer 3

Morphological, Cultural, and Physiological

Question 4

Define a phenotypic variation

Answer 4

1. Temporary (can be reverted
2. Changes the expression of a gene (not a mutation)
3. Common (induced by the environment)

Question 5

Are phenotypic changes permanent?

Answer 5

No, they are temporary and revertible

Question 6

T or F- A phynotypic variation is a mutation in the gene

Answer 6

False, it is just a change in the expression of a gene

Question 7

T or F- A phenotypic variation is a change in the expression of a gene

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T or F- A phenotypic variation is unique

Answer 8

False, if induced by the enviroment, it will be quite common

Question 9

What are some morphological variations?

Answer 9

Difference in sizes between culture ages, or in same species in different mediums

Question 10

Which are larger, broth cultures cells or agar culture cells? Why?

Answer 10

Broth culture cells because the broth has more water, allowing the bacterial cells to absorb it, becoming larger

Question 11

T of F- Young culture cells are smaller than old culture cells

Answer 11

False, young cultures are larger

Question 12

T or F- Morphology refers to microscopic levels

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Give an example of a cultural change

Answer 13

Serratia marcesens, a rod that changes color when grown in different temperature (37C=white, 25C=red)

Question 14

At what temperature does serratia marcescens turn white?

Answer 14

37*C

Question 15

At what temperature does serratia marcescens turn red?

Answer 15

25*C

Question 16

What bacteria changes colors based on temperature (25C=red, 37C=white)?

Answer 16

Serratia marcescens

Question 17

Color change is an example of what kind of morphological change?

Answer 17

Cultural

Question 18

Give and example of a physiological change

Answer 18

The production of beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli, which only happens in environments that contain lactose

Question 19

Why does e.coli not constantly produce Beta Galactosidase?

Answer 19

To conserve energy

Question 20

Do human experience physiological variations?

Answer 20

Yes, humans will produce alcohol dehydrosenase to break down alcohol

Question 21

What organism produces alcohol dehydrosanase to break down alcohol?

Answer 21

Humans

Question 22

Define a genotypic variation

Answer 22

1. Mutation (change in amino acids in DNA/RNA)
2. Permanent (nonreversable)
3. Rare (1/billion)
4. Random

Question 23

Are genotypic variations always helpful?

Answer 23

No, some can be lethal

Question 24

What is a silent variation?

Answer 24

A genotypic variation that that no apparent effect

Question 25

What do you call a genotypic variation that has no apparent effect?

Answer 25

A silent gene

Question 26

Can genotypic variations be induces?

Answer 26

Yes, UV light can induce variations

Question 27

How common is a genotypic variation?

Answer 27

Very rare, 1/billion

Question 28

T of F- Genotypic variations are rare

Answer 28

True

Question 29

T of F- Genotypic variations are non-permanent

Answer 29

False

Question 30

T of F- Genotypic variations are always helpful

Answer 30

False

Question 31

T of F- Genotypic variations are mutations

Answer 31

True

Question 32

T of F- Genotypic variations are random

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Give an example of a smooth bacteria

Answer 33

E.coli

Question 34

Give and example of rough bacteria

Answer 34

Bacillus (specifically subtilis)

Question 35

Give an example of mucoid bacteria

Answer 35

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 36

What type (S, R, M) is e.coli?

Answer 36

S (smooth)

Question 37

What type (S, R, M) is Bacillus (specifically subtilis)?

Answer 37

R (rough)

Question 38

What type (S, R, M) is Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Answer 38

M (mucoid)

Question 39

What are the three forms of colonial morphological mutations?

Answer 39

S (smooth), R (rough), and M (mucoid)

Question 40

Describe a smooth cell

Answer 40

Smooth, round, shiny (slime layer), virulent

Question 41

Describe a rough cell

Answer 41

Wrinkled, dull (dry), irregular, nonvirulent

Question 42

Describe a mucoid cell

Answer 42

Smooth, round, mucoid

Question 43

T or F- a mucoid cell is smooth, round, shiny (slime layer), virulent

Answer 43

False, a smooth cell is smooth, round, shiny (slime layer), virulent

Question 44

Smooth cells grow with what kind of morphology?

Answer 44

Singles

Question 45

Rough cells grow with what kind of morphology?

Answer 45

Chains

Question 46

Mucoid cells grow with what kind of morphology?

Answer 46

Singles, capsules

Question 47

T or F- Mucoid cells grow in chains

Answer 47

False, they grow in singles and capsules

Question 48

T or F- Rough cells grow in chains

Answer 48

True

Question 49

T or F- Rough cells are virulent

Answer 49

False

Question 50

T or F- What kind of cell is smooth, round, shiny, and virulent?

Answer 50

A smooth cell

Question 51

What does a shiny layer indicate?

Answer 51

A slime layer

Question 52

What does a dull cell indicate?

Answer 52

It is dry

Question 53

Why are we trying to reduce the amount of anti-biotics we use in America?

Answer 53

To try and keep the bacteria from forming a resistance

Question 54

T or F- Staphylococcus aureus will not develop a resistance to penicillin when grown in plain BHI

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Is staphylococcus capable of gaining a resistance to penicillin? How?

Answer 55

Yes, if grown in an environment with penicillin, a single cell that has mutated a resistance can survive and reproduce penicillin resistant colonies

Question 56

Can things mutate to gain resistance to certain chemicals?

Answer 56

Yes