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Microbiology Exam 1 > Back exams > Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following characteristics apply to bright field microscopy?

  1. Visible light source 2. Electron stream 3. Focusing by glass lenses 4. Focusing by magnets
  2. 200 nm resolution
  3. 0.5 nm resolution 7. 10 nm resolution 8. Used for viewing Gram stains 9. Used for diagnosing syphilis 10. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis
  4. Dark-field stop 12. Annular diaphragm 13. Phase-shifting element 14. Exciter filter 15. Barrier filter
  5. Prisms split and recombine light 17. 3-D view
A

The following apply to bright field microscopy:

  1. visible light source
  2. focusing by glass lenses
  3. 200 nm resolution
  4. used for viewing gram stains
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2
Q

which of the following characteristics apply to dark field microscopy?

  1. Visible light source 2. Electron stream 3. Focusing by glass lenses 4. Focusing by magnets
  2. 200 nm resolution
  3. 0.5 nm resolution 7. 10 nm resolution 8. Used for viewing Gram stains 9. Used for diagnosing syphilis 10. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis
  4. Dark-field stop 12. Annular diaphragm 13. Phase-shifting element 14. Exciter filter 15. Barrier filter
  5. Prisms split and recombine light 17. 3-D view
A

The following apply to dark field microscopy

  1. visible light source
  2. focusing by glass lenses
  3. 200 nm resolution
  4. used for diagnosing syphilis
  5. dark field stop
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3
Q

Which of the following characteristics apply to phase contrast microscopy?

  1. Visible light source 2. Electron stream 3. Focusing by glass lenses 4. Focusing by magnets
  2. 200 nm resolution
  3. 0.5 nm resolution 7. 10 nm resolution 8. Used for viewing Gram stains 9. Used for diagnosing syphilis 10. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis
  4. Dark-field stop 12. Annular diaphragm 13. Phase-shifting element 14. Exciter filter 15. Barrier filter
  5. Prisms split and recombine light 17. 3-D view
A

the following apply to phase contrast microscopy:

  1. visible light source
  2. focusing by glass lenses
  3. 200 nm resolution
  4. annular diaphragm
  5. phase shifting element
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4
Q

which of the following characteristics apply to differential interference contrast microscopy?

  1. Visible light source 2. Electron stream 3. Focusing by glass lenses 4. Focusing by magnets
  2. 200 nm resolution
  3. 0.5 nm resolution 7. 10 nm resolution 8. Used for viewing Gram stains 9. Used for diagnosing syphilis 10. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis
  4. Dark-field stop 12. Annular diaphragm 13. Phase-shifting element 14. Exciter filter 15. Barrier filter
  5. Prisms split and recombine light 17. 3-D view
A

The following apply to differential interference contrast microscopy:

  1. visible light source
  2. focusing by glass lenses
  3. 200 nm resolution
  4. prisms split and recombine light
  5. 3-D view
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5
Q

Which of the following characteristics apply to scanning electron microscopy?

  1. Visible light source 2. Electron stream 3. Focusing by glass lenses 4. Focusing by magnets
  2. 200 nm resolution
  3. 0.5 nm resolution 7. 10 nm resolution 8. Used for viewing Gram stains 9. Used for diagnosing syphilis 10. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis
  4. Dark-field stop 12. Annular diaphragm 13. Phase-shifting element 14. Exciter filter 15. Barrier filter
  5. Prisms split and recombine light 17. 3-D view
A

The following apply to scanning electron microscopy:

  1. electron stream
  2. focusing by magnets
  3. 10nm resolution
  4. 3-D view
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6
Q

Do bright field microscopes use an electron stream?

A

no

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7
Q

do bright field microscopes focus by magnets?

A

no

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8
Q

Do bright field microscopes use a visible light source?

A

yes

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9
Q

Do bright field microscopes focus using glass lenses?

A

yes

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10
Q

do bright field microscopes have a 200 nm resolution?

A

yes

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11
Q

do bright field microscopes have a .5 nm resolution?

A

no

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12
Q

Are bright field microscopes used for viewing gram stains?

A

yes

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13
Q

Do bright field microscopes allow for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis?

A

no

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14
Q

Do bright field microscopes have a phase shifting element?

A

no

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15
Q

Do dark field microscopes use a visible light source?

A

yes

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16
Q

Do dark field microscopes use an electron stream?

A

no

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17
Q

do dark field microscopes focus using glass lenses?

A

yes

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18
Q

Do dark field microscopes focus by magnets?

A

no

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19
Q

Do dark field microscopes use a 200 nm, .5 nm, or 10 nm resolution?

A

200 nm resolution

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20
Q

Are dark field microscopes used to diagnose syphilis?

A

yes

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21
Q

Do dark field microscopes use a dark field stop?

A

yes

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22
Q

Do dark field microscopes use an annular diaphragm?

A

no

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23
Q

Do phase contrast microscopes use a visible light source?

A

yes

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24
Q

Do phase contrast microscopes focus using glass lenses?

A

yes

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25
Q

Do phase contrast microscopes have a 200 or 10 nm resolution?

A

200 nm resolution

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26
Q

Are phase contrast microscopes used for viewing gram stains?

A

no

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27
Q

Are phase contrast microscopes used for diagnosing syphilis?

A

no

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28
Q

Do phase contrast microscopes have an annular diaphragm?

A

yes

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29
Q

Do phase contrast microscopes have a phase shifting element?

A

yes

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30
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes use a visible light source?

A

yes

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31
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes use an electron stream?

A

no

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32
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes focus using glass lenses?

A

yes

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33
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes focus using magnets?

A

no

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34
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes have a 200 or 0.5 nm resolution?

A

200 nm resolution

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35
Q

Are differential interference contrast microscopes used for diagnosing syphilis?

A

no

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36
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes have an annular diaphragm?

A

no

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37
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes use prisms to split and recombine light?

A

yes

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38
Q

Do differential interference contrast microscopes have a 3D view?

A

yes

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39
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes use a visible light source?

A

no

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40
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes use an electron stream?

A

yes

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41
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes focus using glass lenses?

A

no

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42
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes use magnets to focus?

A

yes

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43
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes have a 0.5, 10, or 200 nm resolution?

A

10 nm resolution

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44
Q

Are scanning electron microscopes used for diagnosing syphilis?

A

no

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45
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes have an annular diaphragm?

A

no

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46
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes use prisms to split and recombine light?

A

no

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47
Q

Do scanning electron microscopes have a 3D view?

A

yes

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48
Q

Living organisms are classified into groups for purposes of identification and/or to show relationships. Classification schemes which are based on common origins are termed _________

A

Both natural and phylogenetic are correct

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49
Q

The classification scheme proposed by R. H. Whittaker in 1969 places living organisms into five Kingdoms based upon cell type, multi cellularity, and mode of nutrition. This scheme is thus considered ___________

A

artificial

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50
Q

The classification scheme proposed by Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is based upon cell wall chemistry, and is thus considered _____________

A

artificial

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51
Q

What does phylogenetic mean?

A

Relating to or based on evolutionary development or history; based on natural evolutionary relationships

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52
Q

What shape is staph?

for example coccus, bacillus, diplococcus, etc

A

coccus

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53
Q

What shape is tetanus?

for example coccus, bacillus, diplococcus, etc

A

bacillus

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54
Q

What shape is gonorrhea?

for example coccus, bacillus, diplococcus, etc

A

diplococcus

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55
Q

What shape is Corynebacterium?

for example coccus, bacillus, diplococcus, etc

A

palisaide (picket fence)

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56
Q

What shape is Lyme disease?

for example coccus, bacillus, diplococcus, etc

A

spirochete

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57
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

a. Staph - coccus
b. tetanus- bacillus
c. gonorrhea- diplococcus
d. Corynebacterium- spirochete
e. lyme disease- spirochete

A

d. Corynebacterium- spirochete

58
Q

Which of the following best describes a slime layer?

a. extracellular
b. extracellular, nonliving, outermost layer, very distinct
c. nonliving
d. extracellular, nonliving, outermost layer, very irregular
e. nonliving, outermost layer, very irregular

A

d. extracellular, nonliving, outermost layer, very irregular

59
Q

When examining a colony of bacteria, it is easy to tell which have capsules since by looking at the colony you can see ________

A

the colony has a mucoid texture

60
Q

Which of the following characteristics best describes a cell wall?

a. extracellular, small part of cell
b. extracellular, nonliving, big part of cell
c. nonliving, small part of cell
d. extracellular, living, big part of cell
e. nonliving, integral part of cell, big part of cell

A

e. nonliving, integral part of cell, big part of cell

61
Q

When examining a colony of bacteria, it is easy to tell which have capsules since by looking at the colony you can see

a. a clear area around the purple stained organism
b. a blue are around the purple stained organism
c. the colony has a mucoid texture
d. the colony has a shiny surface
e. a black area around the organism which is clear

A

c. the colony has a mucoid texture

62
Q

Is the cell wall extracellular?

A

no

63
Q

Is the cell wall a small part of the cell?

A

no

64
Q

Is the cell wall non living?

A

yes

65
Q

Is the cell wall a big part of the cell?

A

yes

66
Q

Is the cell wall living?

A

no

67
Q

All of the following statements regarding cell walls are true EXCEPT

a. lysine is found in cell walls of Gram-positive but not Gram-negative bacteria
b. teichoic acids are found in cell walls of Gram-positive but not Gram-negative bacteria
c. periplasmic spaces are always found in Gram-negative but not all Gram-positive cells
d. murein is present in higher concentration in Gram-negative cells
e. porins are found in Gram-negative but not Gram-positive cells

A

d. murein is present in higher concentration in Gram-negative cells

68
Q

All of the following statements regarding cell membranes are true EXCEPT

a. they are the first living part of the cell
b. they are composed of phospholipoproteins
c. the fatty acids are the hydrophilic portions of the phospholipids
d. the proteins include enzymes that function in semipermeability
e. the phospholipids form a bilayer with the hydrophobic portion inside the bilayer

A

c. the fatty acids are the hydrophilic portions of the phospholipids

69
Q

Is lysine found in the cell walls of G+ or G- bacteria? Or is it found in all bacteria regardless of gram staining?

A

G+

70
Q

Are teichoic acids found in cell walls of G+ or G- bacteria? Or is it found in all bacteria regardless of gram staining?

A

G+

71
Q

T or F:

periplasmic spaces are always found in Gram-negative but not all Gram-positive cells

A

True

72
Q

Is murein present in a higher concentration in G- cells?

A

no

73
Q

Are porins found in G+ or G- bacteria? Or is it found in all bacteria regardless of gram staining?

A

G-

74
Q

What is the first living part of the cell?

A

the cell membrane

75
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

phospho-lipo-proteins

76
Q

In the cell membrane, are the fatty acids the hydrophillic portion of the phospholipid?

A

no

77
Q

T or F:

In the cell membrane, the proteins include enzymes that function in semipermeability

A

true

78
Q

Is the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane inside or outside the bilayer?

A

it is inside the bilayer

79
Q

What structure is important i adherence of bacteria to surfaces?

A

fimbriae

80
Q

Which bacterial structures are resistant to adverse conditions but are common in the genera bacillus and clostridium?

A

endospores

81
Q

In lab you want to culture a mushroom you found growing wild attached to a rotting log in the woods. You want to duplicate the mushroom’s natural medium. You would thus try to make your own medium that is ______________ (multiple descriptors may be used)

A

inanimate
complex
non synthetic

82
Q

Your friend is sick. You determine that the infection is caused by a hypotroph. You must grow the organism to prove it is causing the disease state. You choose a medium that is ______________ (multiple descriptors may be used)

A

animate

complex

83
Q

These bacterial structures are resistant to adverse conditions but are common in the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

a. capsules
b. endospore
c. pili
d. plasmids
e. fimbriae

A

b. endospore

84
Q

In lab you want to culture a mushroom you found growing wild attached to a rotting log in the woods. You want to duplicate the mushroom’s natural medium. You would thus try to make your own medium that is

a. inanimate, synthetic
b. inanimate, complex
c. inanimate, nonsynthetic
d. animate, sterile
e. both b and c are correct

A

e. both b and c are correct:

inanimate, complex
inanimate, nonsynthetic

85
Q

Your friend is sick. You determine that the infection is caused by a hypotroph. You must grow the organism to prove it is causing the disease state. You choose a medium that is

a. inanimate, synthetic
b. inanimate, complex
c. animate, complex
d. animate, synthetic
e. both c and d are correct

A

c. animate, complex

86
Q

You prepare a medium for an unusual plant you isolated from a pond in your back yard. This medium contains 20 grams of sucrose, 2 grams of potassium nitrate, and 3 grams of the dried mud you found at the bottom of the pond. This medium is considered

a. inanimate, synthetic
b. inanimate, nonsynthetic
c. animate, complex
d. animate, synthetic
e. both c and d are correct

A

b. inanimate, nonsynthetic

87
Q

You have a Strep sore throat. You use a medium containing 5% sheep blood to grow out the organism for antibiotic testing. The medium containing the sheep’s blood is considered

a. inanimate, synthetic
b. inanimate, complex
c. an isolation medium
d. a differentiation medium
e. b, c and d are correct

A

E. b, c and d are correct:

inanimate, complex
an isolation medium
a differentiation medium

88
Q

describe the medium you would use to grow out a hypotroph

A

animate, complex

89
Q

what causes the color change on mannitol salt agar?

A

Staphylococci ferment the mannitol to produce acid and turn the phenol red yellow

90
Q

What organism is best used on mannitol salt agar?

A

Staphylococci aureus

91
Q

What type of medium is mannitol salt agar?

A

differential

92
Q

On Mannitol Salt agar, Staphylococci ferment the mannitol to produce acid and turn the phenol red yellow. This specific reaction allows us to classify this medium as

a. selective
b. differential
c. an isolation medium
d. both an isolation and a differentiation medium
e. none of the above are correct

A

b. differential

93
Q

Is Eosin Methylene Agar a selective medium?

A

yes

94
Q

is Eosin Methylene Agar a differential medium?

A

yes

95
Q

is Eosin Methylene Agar an isolation medium?

A

yes

96
Q

in Eosin Methylene Agar do the dyes inhibit G- bacteria?

A

no

97
Q

. Which of the following statements are TRUE concerning liquefiable solid media?

a. agar is used to make the media solid
b. agar, once solidified, is remelted by heating to 500C.
c. agar solidifies at about 500C.
d. an example is media containing 5% sheep blood.
e. only a, b and c are correct

A

a. agar is used to make the media solid

98
Q

This term is used to identify bacteria that grow optimally at temperatures between 45 to 800C.

A

thermophiles

99
Q

These bacteria grow best in the absence of oxygen but are not necessarily killed in the presence of it

A

anaerobe

100
Q

agar once solidified is remelted by heating to this temperture

A

100 degrees C

101
Q

Does agar solidify at about 500 degrees C?

A

no

102
Q

Is media containing 5% sheep blood an example of liquifiable solid media?

A

no

103
Q

Do aerobes grow best in the absence of oxygen but are not necessarily killed in the presence of it?

A

no, but anaerobes do

104
Q

Which of the following correctly describes total volume as a means of enumeration?

a. it is a cultural, direct method which counts only living cells.
b. it is a cultural, direct method which counts both living and dead cells.
c. it is a noncultural, direct method which counts only dead cells
d. it is a noncultural, direct method which counts only living cells
e. it is a noncultural, indirect method

A

e. it is a noncultural, indirect method

105
Q

When Serratia marcescens colonies turn from pink at 250 C to white at 350 C, and then revert back to pink again at 250 C, this is known as a

a. morphological, phenotypic change
b. cultural, genotypic change
c. morphological, genotypic change
d. cultural, phenotypic change
e. Physiological, genotypic change

A

d. cultural, phenotypic change

106
Q

Is total volume as a means of enumeration a cultural or noncultural method?

A

non cultural

107
Q

is total volume as a means of enumeration a direct or indirect method?

A

indirect

108
Q

What bacteria changes the color of its colonies depending on the temperature?

A

Serratia marcescens

109
Q

Is the color change of a colony at a certain temperature a phenotypic or genotypic change?

A

phenotypic

110
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

When a bacterium picks up pieces of bacterial DNA from the surrounding medium

111
Q

With bacteria, this mating type contains a bacterial genome plus a fertility that is integrated into the genome

A

Hfr

112
Q

This process is not considered genetic recombination but actually a phenotypic variation since bacterial DNA is not causing the change in characteristic

A

lysogenic conversion

113
Q

. When a bacterium picks up pieces of bacterial DNA from the surrounding medium.

a. transformation
b. transduction
c. conjugation
d. sexual reproduction
e. phenotypic variation

A

a. transformation

114
Q

With bacteria, this mating type contains a bacterial genome plus a fertility that is integrated into the genome.

a. F-
b. F+
c. Hfr
d. both a and b are correct
e. both b and c are correct

A

c. Hfr

115
Q

This process is not considered genetic recombination but actually a phenotypic variation since bacterial DNA is not causing the change in characteristic

a. transformation
b. transduction
c. conjugation
d. lysogenic conversion
e. sexual reproduction

A

lysogenic conversion

116
Q

Staphylococci and /streptococci are classified according to Bergey into
this division _______________

A

Firmicutes

117
Q 
This organism (genus and species) avoids being phagocytized by 
white blood cells since it possesses a capsule containing hyaluronic acid. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Streptococcus pyogenes

118
Q

True or False? The bacterial cell wall is a rigid structure that helps
prevent plasmolysis in environments with low osmotic pressures

A

False

119
Q

The chemical in the peptidoglycan backbone that is unique to
prokaryotic cells is? _______________

A

n-acetyl muramaic acid

120
Q

This structure is a hollow tube that forms a bridge between bacteria
during conjugation. _______________

A

Pili

121
Q

When cells are infected with rabies virus, diagnostic evidence is
provided by examining the cells for the cytopathic effects known as? ________________

A

negri (inclusion) bodies

122
Q

True or False? To quantify Hepatitis B viruses for vaccination, the
virus can be enumerated using a plaguing technique on tissue culture

A

False

123
Q

To grow bacteria, the environment is usually
(hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic) compared to the inside of the
bacteria in tonicity? ________________

A

hypotonic

124
Q

True or False? Use of a coulter counter provides and indirect method
for enumeration of both living and dead bacteria in a sample

A

False

125
Q

Bacteria often vary in characteristics. If the variation is temporary,
it is described as being this kind of variation? ________________

A

Phenotypic

126
Q

. True or False? A log phase culture of a bacillus which is normally
long would most likely exhibit cells which were almost spherical
in shape

A

False

127
Q

Explain how the modifications used for phase contrast microscopy actually increase contrast compared to a bright field microscope

A

phase-shifting element focuses (speeds up or slows down) direct rays but not incident rays. See as difference in brightness

128
Q

Candida albicans, a yeast, and Bacillus subtilis, a bacterium, both stain Gram-positively.
Is this due to similarities in chemistry or to some other phenomenon? Explain

A

not chemistry since different kingdoms and thus different cell wall chemistry. Due to permeation, since both yeasts and bacteria have thick cell walls

129
Q

Escherichia coli can produce the enzyme -galactosidase in the presence of lactose. Is this a genotypic or phenotypic change. Explain

A

phenotypic since temporary. Doesn’t produce enzyme if lactose is not present

130
Q

You have a glass of milk which you feel is soured. So you want to count the bacteria in it. There are a total of 300 ml of milk. Your friend tells you that it was already estimated that the milk sample had a total of 60,000 bacteria in it, but he wants you to verify this count. Describe the exact procedure you would use to verify this count by using a colony count plating method

A

take 1 ml, spread on plate and count. since between 25-250 colonies can count.
60,000 bacteria/300 ml = 200 bacteria/ml

131
Q

Define and describe importance :

transducing phage

A

a bacteriophage containing host DNA

132
Q

Define and describe importance :

resistancy transfer factor

A

RTF are plasmids transferred during conjugation. Contain information for resistance to antibiotics.
e.g. drug resistance in Gram negative rods

133
Q

Define and describe importance :

episome

A

episomes are plasmids integrated with the bacterial chromosome. e.g. fertility factors in Hfr mating types

134
Q

Define and describe importance :

eukaryotic sexual reprduction

A

eukaryotic sexual reproduction involves alternation between meiosis and fertilization and
between diploid and haploid chromosome numbers

135
Q

Define and describe importance :

resistance mutation

A

Resistance mutation is a genotypic variation. e.g. allowing antibiotic resistance. Rare. 1/billion
e.g. Staphylococcus becomes resistant to Penicillin

136
Q

T or F:
DNA has a diameter of about 1 nm. This is well within the range of resolution of
the light microscope

A

False

137
Q

T or F:

Increasing the numerical aperture increases the resolution of a microscope

A

True

138
Q

T or F:
The process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme is identification

A

True

139
Q

T or F
The third step of the Gram stain partially dissolves the cell wall of Gram-negative organisms, allowing the primary dye to be easily removed

A

True

140
Q

T or F

A spheroplast is what remains following exposure of a Gram-negative cell to penicillin

A

True

141
Q

T or F

A mixed culture contains microbes of known identity and microbes of uncertain identity

A

False

142
Q

T or F
In the lag phase is relatively flat period on the growth curve because the rate of cell death is the same as the rate of multiplication

A

False

Microbiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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