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Microbiology Exam 1 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define genetic recombination

A

Incorporation of new DNA into an organism, but not by sexual reproduction

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2
Q

In transformation, does the donor die?

A

Yes, the donor dies and breaks apart, as does it’s DNA

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3
Q

What is incorporation of new DNA into an organism through a method that is not sexual reproduction called?

A

Genetic recombination

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4
Q

What happens during transformation?

A

A donor breaks apart, as does it’s chromosomes, and gets its DNA incorporated into another bacteria, called the recipient

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5
Q

What are the two bacteria involved in transformation normally called?

A

The donor and the recipient

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6
Q

What does the donor do in transformation?

A

Have itself and its DNA break apart

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7
Q

What does the recipient do in transformation?

A

Incorporate the donor’s genetic material into its genome

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8
Q

Define conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells through a pilus

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9
Q

What is the sex pilus?

A

A tube formed by an F+ bacterial cell that connects two bacterial cells together

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10
Q

What are the mating types in conjugation?

A

It is based on the fertility factor, F+ and F-

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11
Q

How many mating types are there in conjugation?

A

Two, F+ and F-

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12
Q

Is an F+ cell capable of producing a sex pilus?

A

Yes, because it has the F factor

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13
Q

Is an F- cell capable of making a sex pilus?

A

No, because it doesn’t have the F factor

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14
Q

Is the F factor part of a bacteria’s DNA?

A

No, it is a plasmid

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15
Q

What is a mathod of gene exchange between bacterial cells that is most anaologus to sexual reproduction?

A

Conjugation, because of the inclusion of a sex pilus

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16
Q

Does conjugation have male and female mating types?

A

No, they have F+ and F- mating types

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17
Q

How is an F+ cell different from an F- cell?

A
  1. Has an F factor
  2. Can produce a sex pilus
  3. Is more negative that an F- cell
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18
Q

How is an F- cell different from an F+ cell?

A
  1. It does not have the F factor
  2. Cannot produce a sex pilus
  3. it is more positive than an F+ cell
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19
Q

How to F+ cells find F- cells?

A

An F+ cell is more negative than and F- cell and is attracted to each other like magnets

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20
Q

Does an F- cell have a genome?

A

Yes, it simply lacks the fertility factor plasmid

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21
Q

Is the F factor capable of replicating itself?

A

Yes, it makes a copy of itself during conjugation to send to the F- cell

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22
Q

Do cells break down during conjugation?

A

No, broken cells are involved in transformation

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23
Q

At the end of conjugation, how many F+ cells do you have?

A

2, the original and the newly make F+ cell

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24
Q

Do you have F- cells at the end of conjugation?

A

No, during conjugation F- cells become F+ after reviving the fertility factor

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25
Q

What is the F factor?

A

It is the fertility factor in bacterial cells that allows them to make a sex pilus and exchange DNA and plasmids

26
Q

Can an F- cell exchange plasmids?

A

No, you need the F factor to produce the sex pilus required in sharing genetic material

27
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

It is a genetic structure in the bacterial cell that can code for things and replicate independently from the chromosomes

28
Q

Name 3 plasmids

A
  1. Fertility factor
  2. R (resistance) plasmids (RTF + R genes)
  3. Beta-Lactamse
29
Q

How often can genome recombination happen in conjugation?

A

Very rarely, 1/100,000

30
Q

Can a cell have more than 1 plasmid?

A

Yes! It can have as many as it likes

31
Q

What does HFR stand for?

A

High Frequency Recombination

32
Q

Define High Frequency Recombination (HFR)

A

It is a bacterial cell that has incorporated its F factor into its genome and will pass part of the genome to pass through the sex pilus during recombination

33
Q

How long does HFR take?

A

About 90-100 minutes

34
Q

What is an episome?

A

A genome that has the fertility factor incorporated in it

35
Q

What is it called when a fertility factor is incorporated into a genome?

A

An episome

36
Q

When will you have the genome pass through the sex pilus?

A

during HFR (high frequency of recombination)

37
Q

During HRF, does the episome pass through the sex pilus first?

A

No, it will pass through last, if at all

38
Q

Does the genome break apart during HFR?

A

It does in the donor cell

39
Q

How many F+ cells do you have after HFR?

A

One, the recipient cell doesn’t get the F factor

40
Q

How many F- cells do you have after HFR?

A

One, the recipient cell doesn’t get the F factor

41
Q

True or false: Only 1 plasmid can be exchanged during conjugation

A

False, many plasmids can be exchanged

42
Q

True or False : Lots of plasmids can be exchanged during conjugation

A

True

43
Q

What does RTF stand for?

A

Resistance Transfer Factors

44
Q

What kind of gram cell is most likely to exchange resistance factors?

A

Gram -

45
Q

Where does the exchange of resistance factors happen most frequently?

A

In hospitals

46
Q

True or False: Gram - cells do not commonly exchange resistance factor

A

False

47
Q

What is Beta-Lactamase?

A

An enzyme that can break down antibiotics such as penicillin or cephalosporine

48
Q

What does cephalospoinase break down?

A

Cephalospoins

49
Q

What breaks down cephalospoines?

A

Cephalospoinease

50
Q

Name 3 bacteria that commonly exchange Beta-Lactamase

A
  1. Cephalospoins
  2. Staphylococci
  3. Nisseria gonorrhea
51
Q

How is Beta-Lactamase transferred?

A

Conjugation

52
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process of transferring genetic material between cells through bacteriophages

53
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus with bacterial DNA

54
Q

Define Lysogenic Conversion

A

A method of recombination, but that transfers viral DNA instead of bacterial DNA

55
Q

Why is lysogentic conversion bad?

A

It makes bacteria very dangerous

56
Q

Name some cells that have been affected by lysogentic conversion

A
  1. Clostridium botulinum (a Type A poision)
  2. Corynebacterium Diphteriae (has a toxin that damages the heart)
  3. Streptococcus pyogenes (which can cause Scarlet Fever due to it producing an erythrogenic toxin)
57
Q

How has Lysogenic conversion made Clostridium botulinum worse?

A

Its made it into a Type A poison, potent enough to kill all the humans with a cup of it

58
Q

How has lysogenic conversion made Corynebacterium diphteriae worse?

A

Has allowed it to make a toxin that damages the heart

59
Q

How has lysogenic conversion made streptococcus pyogenes worse?

A

Had given it the ability to make an erythrogenic toxin which causes scarlet fever

60
Q

What cause Scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

61
Q

What is the difference between Transduction and Lysogenic conversion?

A

Transduction transfers bacterial DNA and lysogenic conversion transfers viral DNA

62
Q

What are all 5 types of genetic recombination of DNA in bacteria cells?

A

Transformation, conjugation, HFR, transduction, lysogenic conversion

Microbiology Exam 1 (13 decks)

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