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Patho > Lecture 5 Fluid And Electrolyte > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Fluid And Electrolyte Flashcards

1
Q

How much %of water makes up the body

A

60%

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2
Q

What makes up the extracellular compartment

A

Interstitial (tissue) spaces
Plasma (vascular) compartment
Transcellular compartment

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3
Q

What are the functions of fluid?

A

Transportation (nutrients, waste and heat)
lubrication and protection
digestion

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4
Q

Intake of fluids is regulated by what

A

Regulated by thirst mechanism

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5
Q

What does the hypothalamus monitor

A 
Blood osmolality (osmolality inc, thirst stimulates)
BP (BP sec thirst increased)
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6
Q

Intake includes what?

A

Oral and IV

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7
Q

What is output determined by

A

Flirtation needs
Insensible water loss
Renal regulation

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8
Q

Minimum Amount urine output

A

400-600 ml/day

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9
Q

Insensible water loss

A

Respiration, veces, skin, sweating

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from area of higher to lower concentration

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11
Q

Concentration gradient

A

A difference in concentration for one pt to another

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12
Q

Albumin affect on blood

A

Total albumin in bloodstream= protein nutritional status

Exerts oncotic pressure= pulls fluid back to capillaries

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13
Q

Edema

A

Excess fluid in ISF And ICF

Hypoalbuminemia= low albumin makes low oncotic pressure

OR elevated hydrostatic pressure by excess water

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14
Q

Causes of fluid volume deficit

A 
Inadequate intake 
Excessive fluid loss 
Third spacing (into interstitial space)
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15
Q

S&S of fluid volume defect

A 
Acute weight loss 
Dec. urinary output 
Inc. urine specific gravity 
Hemoconcentrarion 
Dec. vascular volume= tachycardia, hypotension, depressed fontanelle, sunken eyes, inc. body temp
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16
Q

Causes of fluid volume excess

A

Excessive sodium and water intake

Inadequate renal loss

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17
Q

S&S of fluid volume excess

A

Acute weight gain
Pitting and pulmonary edema
Puffy eyelids
Hypertension

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18
Q

Third space fluid accumulation

A

Fluid (effusion) in cavities caused when ill

19
Q

Pitting edema

A

Occurs when pressure is applied to small area and indentation

20
Q

ADH affect on urine output

A

Increased levels of ADH decrease urine output because ADH reabsorbes water

21
Q

Dehydration

A

State of diminished water volume in the body
Deficit of ICF= cells shrink
Dec amount of water in ECF

22
Q

Oliguria

A

Urine production <400 ml/day or <20/30 mL/hr

23
Q

Assessment of fluid status

A

Daily weight
24 he intake and output
Assessment of skin turtle, mucous membrane, tears, fontanelles
BP and heart rate checked

24
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Occurs in dehydration where BP drastically decreased when changing from laying to standing

25
Q

Symptoms of dehydration

A 
Thirst
Dry mucous membrane 
Poor skin turgor 
Hypotension/orthostatic hypotension 
Dark urine 
Depressed fontanelle
26
Q

Sodium

A

135-145 mEq/mL
Target organ: brain
Regulated in Kidneys, Gi, skin
Main function= water regulation Oop

27
Q

Hyponatremia

A

<135

Can occur in low blood volume (hypovolemic hyponatremia) or in high blood volume (dilutional hyponatremia)

28
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, excess sweating, burns/wounds, inc ADH (stress pain trauma)

29
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

A 
Headache
lethargic
apathy 
confusion 
nausea 
vomiting 
diarrhea 
muscle cramps/spasms
30
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A

Excess sodium intake
decrease extracellular losses
decrease water intake

31
Q

Signs of hypernatremia

A 
>145
High specific gravity, Liguria 
Dry mucous membranes
tachycardia 
hypertension
32
Q

Hypernatremia relation with water retention

A

Weight gain

hypertension

33
Q

Hypernatremia with water loss

A 
Dehydration 
thirst 
Irritability  
tachycardia 
flush skin 
dry mucous membranes 
oliguria
34
Q

Potassium

A 
3-5 mEq/mL 
Regulate in kidneys 
Bananas, orange, lentils, rasins 
Target organ; heart 
Main function: smooth electrical conduction of the muscles
35
Q

Causes of Hypokalemia

A 
Diuretic therapy 
IV administration 
poor intake
G.I. losses 
diuretic phase of renal failure
36
Q

S&S of hypokalemia

A 
Muscle fatigue 
weakness 
leg cramps 
nausea 
vomiting 
cardiac arrhythmias
postural hypotension
Prominent U wave and flattened T wave
37
Q

Treatment of hypokalemia

A

Never give rapid potassium a.k.a. bolus IV potassium must always be diluted

38
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

excess intake
massive crushing injuries
inadequate renal losses

39
Q

S&S of hyperkalemia

A 
Numbness 
muscle cramping
nausea/diarrhea 
apathy 
mental confusion 
peaked T waves widening QRS 
complex cardiac arrest
40
Q

Calcium and phosphorus relationship

A

Reciprocal relationship when one increases the other decreases and vice versa

41
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

<8.5 and main function is bone development, blood clotting, smooth muscle contraction

Causes: Inadequate vitamin D, abnormal ca binding, hypoparathyroidism
S&S: muscle spasms (trousseau and Chvostek) seizures
hypotension
Arrhythmias

42
Q

Main function of magnesium

A

Maintains intracellular K and functions in enzyme reactions and proteins and DNA synthesis

43
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Mg stored in bone

Spasms cardiac arrhythmias similar to hyponkalemja disease

Patho (19 decks)

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