Endocrine Flashcards
Glands of endocrine system
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal glands
What does ADH do?
Regulate water and electrolytes by holding onto sodium
Paracrine
Hormone produces action locally on other cells
Autocrine
Produces action on the cells from which they were produced
How is the hypothalamus activity regulated?
Through the negative feedback system
How to get T3 and T4
Hypothalamus—TRH—pituitary—TSH— acts on thyroid gland—T3 and T4
What is the master gland?
Pituitary gland
Hypofuncfion
Congenital defect on gland/enzyme
Gland destroyed and caused inflammation, infection, autoimmune response
Receptor defect
Hyper function
Excessive hormone production
Excess stimulation
Hyperplasia
Primary disorder
Originate in the target gland for producing the hormone
Secondary disorder
Target gland function is normal but altered by defective levels of stimulating or releasing hormones from pituitary gland
Tertiary disorder
Results from hypothalamic dysfunction- both pituitary and target glands are under stimulated
Hyperpituitarism cause
Typically pituitary adenoma
Adenoma
Benign tumor from anterior pituitary
Hypopituitarism
Decreased secretion of pituitary hormones causing hypofunctiom
Idiopathic short stature
Normal variant of short statue with unknown cause
Psychosocial dwarfism
Functional hypopituitarism
Seen in emotionally deprived children
Poor eating, drinking habits
Potbelly
Classic GH deficiency
Normal intelligence, short stature, obesity with premature facial features, puberty often delayed
Treatment: human GH
Gigantism
GH excess before puberty
Acromegaly
GH excess in adulthood
Hypothyroidism
Slowing down of metabolic process
Hypothyroidism manifestations
Gradual onset of generalized weakness, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, brittle hair, puffy face
Hypothyroidism diagnosis
Elevated TSH and low T4
Thyroid storm cause
Causes when hyperthyroid is not treaded properly—from stress, infection, DKA
Thyroid storm manifestation
Very high fever
Tachycardia
Angina
Thyroid storm treatment
Should be rapid, cooling without shiver response fluids, glucose, steroids
Myxedema
No pitting edema (especially face)
Hyperthyroidism causes
High levels of T3 and T4
Hyperactive thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism manifestations
Nervous, irritability, weight loss, tachycardia, excessive sweating l, heat intolerance
Addison’s disease
(Rare) adrenal cortical hormone is deficient cause inflammation causing ACTH Elevation
Addison’s disease manifestations
Urinary loss of sodium, chloride, water
Hyperkalemia
Cushing syndrome use, manifesstation
Hypercortisolism
Protruding abdomen
Sub clavicular fat pass
Moon face
Type I diabetes
Beta cell destruction (absolute insulin deficiency)
Rapid onset
Weight loss
Type II diabetes
Insulin resistance, relative insulin Deficiency
Gradual
Genetic, behavior, environmental
Overweight
Gestational diabetes
Secondary to other conditions, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, pancreatitis, medications
Flashing glucose levels
Fasting for 8hrs and taking glucose levels
<100
Oral glucose tolerance test
Measures body ability to remove glucose from body within 2 beds after consuming 75 g glucose with 300 mL of water
140-200 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C
Measures average blood Glucose level in the last 100 days
>6.5
Diabetes symptoms
Política
Polyphagia
Polydyspia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis
Cute life-threatening complication of uncontrolled DM
Diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms
Lethargy, vomiting, abdominal pain, coma, fruity breath
Dehydrated
Hypoglycemia side effect
Rapid onset-anxiety, tremors, tachycardia, cool clammy skin
Somogyi effect
Hypoglycemia from 2-4 am
Decrease insulin at bedtime
Dawn phenomenon
Hyperglycemia when waking up
Headache, sweats, nightmares
Increase insulin at bedtime
Ketoacidosis
Inadequate amounts of insulin sugars can’t be metabolized and fat catabolism occurs
Extreme thirst. Polaris, rapid pulse, hypertension
