Lecture 4 Cancer Flashcards
What do Cancer cells do in the cell cycle?
Cancer cells do not undergo checkpoints and do not undergo apoptosis
What happens when cancer cells proliferate?
The accumulate on top, around, and beside each other and break free and travel to distant body sites through lymphatic system
What happens when you age?
With age the strength of immune system diminishes and tumor development becomes easier
Differentiation
The extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally
Anaplasia
Lack of differentiation, lab or al cell appearance, cell dysfunction
Benign tumors
•Well differentiated progressive, slow growth •cohesive cells, well demarcated, •non invasive •no metastasis
Malignant tumors
- Poorly differentiated
- doesn’t resemble tissue origin
- erratic rate of growth
- Invasive and infiltrating
- Frequent metastasis
Stages of malignant tumors
Stage I is smallest
Stave IV is most metastasized
TNM system
T-tumor size
N- lymph node involvement
M- metastasis
Lymph
Clear fluid that travels through body arteries and circulated through tissues to cleanse and drain through lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
Filters and trap bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells, to make sure the eliminate the body
What not is significant to breast cancer
Lymph node
Metastasis
Break free to travel to distant sites
Carcinoma
Suffix signifies cancer of epithelial cells
Sarcoma
Signifies malignancy in fatty tissue, muscle, or bone
What are the 2 major classes of cancer genes
Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
Normally function to restrain cell growth
Ex: p53 gene controls apoptosis
Proliferation
Process of cell division cause instead of cells
Photo-oncogenes
Genes that stimulate and regulate a cells movement throughout the cell cycle resulting in cellular growth and proliferation
Oncogene
Gene that has potential to cause cancer through causing cells to survive and proliferate
often mutates or expressed at high levels
Types of HPV
- High risk type= persistent infection that progresses to cervical cancer
- low risk= condylomata (genital warts) but not cervical cancer
- almost 100% of cervical cancer cases test + for HPV
Liver cancer
Also known as Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) one of most common tumors and 3rd most frequent cause of cancer mortality
Sentinel node
Initial lymph node where the primary tumor drains
Angiogenesis
Ability to develop new blood vessels
Tumor angiogenesis factor
Protein in cancer tissue that stimulates growth of new capillaries to supply tumor with nutrients and remove waste products
Seeding
Tumor breaks off and watched to new organ or cavity wall
What is important when choosing proper treatment?
Knowing the origin and type of cell
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Unexpected pathological disorder from cancer
Secretion of endocrine hormones
Cachexia
Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass of patients with cancer
What should nurses for with patients with Cachexia?
Small frequent meals with high protein and fat
Tumor cell markers
Products of cancer cells that you monitor while in treatment (decrease levels=successful treatment)
Normally found during fetal development
Carcinogenesis
Oncogenesis or tumorigenesis
Actual formation of cancer
Oncogenesis
Mutations that occur in gametes passed to successive general elections
Early warning signed of cancer
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A lesion that doesn’t heal
- unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump noted
- indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious changes in a wart or mole
- nagging cough or persistent hoarseness
Manifestations of cancer
Altered function obstruction effusion hemorrhage anemia ulceration, necrosis,infection vascular thrombosis pain Cachexia inappropriate production of hormones Hyperkalcemia
Standard concert treatment
- Surgery
- chemotherapy
- radiation
- hormone therapy
- immunotherapy
Pluripotent cells
Stem cells that can become any tissue in the body excluding a placenta
Embryonic stem cells
Cells taken from embryo in blastocyst stage because they have the potential to become any new organ
Now can be created in lab from adult cells
