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Patho > Lecture 4 Cancer > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What do Cancer cells do in the cell cycle?

A

Cancer cells do not undergo checkpoints and do not undergo apoptosis

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2
Q

What happens when cancer cells proliferate?

A

The accumulate on top, around, and beside each other and break free and travel to distant body sites through lymphatic system

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3
Q

What happens when you age?

A

With age the strength of immune system diminishes and tumor development becomes easier

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

The extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both structurally and functionally

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5
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation, lab or al cell appearance, cell dysfunction

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6
Q

Benign tumors

A 
•Well differentiated
progressive, slow growth 
•cohesive cells, well demarcated, 
•non invasive 
•no metastasis
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7
Q

Malignant tumors

A
  • Poorly differentiated
  • doesn’t resemble tissue origin
  • erratic rate of growth
  • Invasive and infiltrating
  • Frequent metastasis
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8
Q

Stages of malignant tumors

A

Stage I is smallest

Stave IV is most metastasized

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9
Q

TNM system

A

T-tumor size
N- lymph node involvement
M- metastasis

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10
Q

Lymph

A

Clear fluid that travels through body arteries and circulated through tissues to cleanse and drain through lymphatic system

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11
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filters and trap bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells, to make sure the eliminate the body

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12
Q

What not is significant to breast cancer

A

Lymph node

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13
Q

Metastasis

A

Break free to travel to distant sites

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14
Q

Carcinoma

A

Suffix signifies cancer of epithelial cells

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15
Q

Sarcoma

A

Signifies malignancy in fatty tissue, muscle, or bone

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16
Q

What are the 2 major classes of cancer genes

A

Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

17
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Normally function to restrain cell growth

Ex: p53 gene controls apoptosis

18
Q

Proliferation

A

Process of cell division cause instead of cells

19
Q

Photo-oncogenes

A

Genes that stimulate and regulate a cells movement throughout the cell cycle resulting in cellular growth and proliferation

20
Q

Oncogene

A

Gene that has potential to cause cancer through causing cells to survive and proliferate
often mutates or expressed at high levels

21
Q

Types of HPV

A
  • High risk type= persistent infection that progresses to cervical cancer
  • low risk= condylomata (genital warts) but not cervical cancer
  • almost 100% of cervical cancer cases test + for HPV
22
Q

Liver cancer

A

Also known as Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) one of most common tumors and 3rd most frequent cause of cancer mortality

23
Q

Sentinel node

A

Initial lymph node where the primary tumor drains

24
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Ability to develop new blood vessels

25
Q

Tumor angiogenesis factor

A

Protein in cancer tissue that stimulates growth of new capillaries to supply tumor with nutrients and remove waste products

26
Q

Seeding

A

Tumor breaks off and watched to new organ or cavity wall

27
Q

What is important when choosing proper treatment?

A

Knowing the origin and type of cell

28
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Unexpected pathological disorder from cancer

Secretion of endocrine hormones

29
Q

Cachexia

A

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass of patients with cancer

30
Q

What should nurses for with patients with Cachexia?

A

Small frequent meals with high protein and fat

31
Q

Tumor cell markers

A

Products of cancer cells that you monitor while in treatment (decrease levels=successful treatment)
Normally found during fetal development

32
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

Oncogenesis or tumorigenesis

Actual formation of cancer

33
Q

Oncogenesis

A

Mutations that occur in gametes passed to successive general elections

34
Q

Early warning signed of cancer

A
  • Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • A lesion that doesn’t heal
  • unusual bleeding or discharge
  • Thickening or lump noted
  • indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Obvious changes in a wart or mole
  • nagging cough or persistent hoarseness
35
Q

Manifestations of cancer

A 
Altered function 
obstruction 
effusion 
hemorrhage 
anemia 
ulceration, necrosis,infection 
vascular thrombosis 
pain 
Cachexia
inappropriate production of hormones 
Hyperkalcemia
36
Q

Standard concert treatment

A
  • Surgery
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation
  • hormone therapy
  • immunotherapy
37
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

Stem cells that can become any tissue in the body excluding a placenta

38
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Cells taken from embryo in blastocyst stage because they have the potential to become any new organ
Now can be created in lab from adult cells

Patho (19 decks)

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