Lecture 5 Flashcards
What are fatty acids with no double bonds?
Saturated fats
What are some major contributors of saturated fats
Fatty meats, regular fat dairy products, cheese, ice cream
What do saturated fats promote an increase in?
Serum LDL-C
What are the two major categories of polyunsaturated fats (PUFA)?
Omega-3
Omega-6
What is the other name for Omega-6 fatty acid?
Linoleic acid
What is found in vegetable oils such as corn, c, sunflower, safflower, and soybean?
Omega 6 fatty acids
What are two types of omega-3 fatty acids?
Long chains
EPA (eicosapentanoic acid)
DHA (docosahexenoic acid)
What have the long chain fatty acids (Omega-3) been shown to decrease?
Serum triglycerides
platelet aggreation
inflammation
What are some dietary sources of Omega-3 fatty acid?
Flax seed Salmon Sardines Tuna Swordfish Herring
Although omega-3 fatty acids lower triglycerides, what do they also slightly increase?
LDL-C
What is a MUFA?
Monounsaturated fats (contain one double bond)
What can substitution of PUFA for saturated fat in the diet lower?
LDL-C (and may lower HDL-C) and reduces the risk for CHD
What is the most common dietary form of MUFAs?
Oleic acid
What are two oils that are high in oleic acid?
Canola Oil
Olive Oil
A diet high in MUFA is low in ___ and ______
LDL-C and serum triglycerdies
What does MUFA not lower?
HDL-C
What is the major source of trans fatty acids?
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils
What are some other dietary sources of MUFA?
Avocado
Peanuts
pecans
What do trans fatty acids raise? lower?
Raise LDL-C levels
Lower HDL-C
What foods have the highest content of cholesterol?
Egg Yolk
Organ meats
What should individuals with existing evidence of CHD or DM aim for a LDL goal of?
100 gm/dL or less
What are the four components to the TLC (Therapeutic LIfestyle Changes) Diet?
- LDL-C raising nutrients should be minimised
- Therapeutic options may be added for further LDL-C lowering
- Total calories should be adjusted to maintain desirable body weight and prevent weight gain
- Physical activity should include moderate exercise to expend at least 200 calories per day
What can consuming 2 tablespoons per day of sterol fortified spread lower?
LDL-C
What is moderate alcohol intake defined as for men? women?
Men- 2 drinks per day
Women- 1 drink per day
WHat foods are high in potassium?
Oranges, orange juice, potatoes, bananas
Thiamin deficiency has been noted more frequently amoung what type patients?
Heart failure
What is the hardening of arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
What refer to the buildup of fats and cholesterol in and on artery walls?
Atherosclerosis
Saturated fast have no ____ bonds
Double
For every 1% increase in kcals from satruated fat, LDL increases by ____
2%
CHD risk increases by 1% for every __ mg/dL increase in LDL
1 mg/dL
Do MUFAS lower HDLs?
No
Only lower LDL and TG
Goal is an average of ~ ____ mg DHA and EPA (types of PUFAs)
250
Arachidonic acid is found in____
Omega-6
What counts as a negative risk factor?
HDL >60
What are two nutrients that should be supplemented in HF?
Thamin (50-200 mg/ day)
Co-Q10
In the TLC diet, saturated fats should make up < ___ % of total k cals?
7 %
In the TLC diet, trans fats should be <___% of total k cals?
1%
In the TLC diet, cholesterol intake should be < ____ mg / day?
200
In the TLC date, fat intake should be ___ to ____ percent of total k cals?
25-35%
What are two therapeutic options for additional lowering of LDL for the TLC diet?
2 grams of plant stanol and sterol esters daily
Increase soluble fiber (oats, barley, fruits) to 10-25 grams per day
Who is the DASH diet meant for?
Individuals with stage 1 HTN (140/90-159/99)
For the TLC diet, how many PUFAs should calories be?
Up to 10% of total calories
For the TCL diet, how much percentage of calories should MUFAs be?
Up to 20%
What should total carbs be for the TLC diet?
50-60% of total calories
How much percentage of total calories should protein be for the TLC diet?
15%
How many servings of grains are for the DASH diet?
7 to 8
Servings of veggies for DASH diet
4 to 5
Servings of fruits for DASH diet
4 to 5
Servings of low fat dairy for dash diet
2 to 3
servings of meat for DASH diet
2 or less
Servings of nuts, seeds, and dry beans for DASH diet?
4-5 per week
Servings of fats and oils for DASH diet?
2 to 3
Servings of sweets for DASH diet
5 per week
What does cholesterol being carried by HDL-C represent?
Cholesterol being released by the cells
Where is the majority of serum triglyceride present?
Very Low Density Lipoproteions (VLDL)
The majority of cholesterol is carried by what?
LDL-C
