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U1 Behavioural Neurological Psychology 211 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

Chapter 3

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of nervous systems

A

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

what does the Central nervous system (CNS)

include

A

Everything in the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

include

A

Any part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what is the distinction between

the cns and pns

A

In the central nervous system, myelin is created by Oligodendrocytes

In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is created by Schwann cells.

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5
Q

what is Interstitial fluid

A

basically synonymous with extracellular fluid. It is the fluid that surrounds cells in the body.

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6
Q

The interstitial fluid for cells outside of the CNS comes directly from what

A

blood

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7
Q

The interstitial fluid for cells outside of the CNS comes directly from blood.
In brief how does it work

A 
The liquid (fluid) component of blood is called blood plasma.
Blood plasma can leak out of small holes, gaps in the blood vessels (blood capillaries), at which point it is called lymph.
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8
Q

what is The lymphatic system and how does it work

A

Lymph is the interstitial fluid for all cells in the body outside of the CNS.
It flows around the cells of the body picking up waste and bacteria.
Lymph is collected into lymph vessels and taken to lymph nodes/organs, which detect and destroy invading organisms and foreign particles.
Eventually lymph is returned to the circulatory system (the blood stream).

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9
Q

does the CNS participate in the lymphatic system

A

The CNS is a protected space. It does not participate in the lymphatic system

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10
Q

what is the Blood–brain barrier

A

Semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain

if the brain needs something it will actively pull it in

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11
Q

do The blood capillaries that flow through the CNS have gaps in them

A

no gaps in them

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12
Q

The blood capillaries that flow through the CNS have no gaps in them.

This feature is known as what

A

the blood brain barrier.

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13
Q

Instead of using lymph (which is anything that leaks out of blood vessels), the CNS makes its own interstitial fluid called what

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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14
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

made of

A

It is made fresh from stuff in the blood

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows around the cells of the body doing what

A

picking up waste and bacteria. This fluid eventually returned to the blood.

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16
Q

what is the glymphatic system

A

The blood capillaries that flow through the CNS have no gaps in them.

This feature is known as the blood brain barrier.

Instead of using lymph (which is anything that leaks out of blood vessels), the CNS makes its own interstitial fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

It is made fresh from stuff in the blood.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows around the cells of the body picking up waste and bacteria. This fluid eventually returned to the blood.

This process is known as the glymphatic system.

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17
Q

CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain in tissue called what

A

choroid plexus

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18
Q

CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain in tissue called the choroid plexus.
The ventricles are connected how

A

interconnected hollow spaces filled with CSF.

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19
Q

in THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN how many ventricles are there

A

4 ventricles

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20
Q

what are the 4 ventricles in the THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN

A

The first two, the lateral ventricles are the largest. They sit underneath the cerebrum.
The third ventricle lies between the two thalamic nuclei.
The fourth ventricle sits between the pons and cerebellum.

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21
Q

how often is CSF made

A

CSF is made continuously and it is half replaced every three hours (the half-life).

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22
Q

what is The cerebral aqueduct

A

is a long, tube like structure that connects the third and fourth ventricle.
CSF exits the ventricles and flows around the brain and spinal cord (in the subarachnoid space) before it is absorbed into the blood supply.

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23
Q

what are meninges

A

tough, protective connective tissues that surround the brain.

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24
Q

what are the 3 types of meninges

A

The dura mater

The arachnoid membrane

The third layer that sits closest to the brain is pia mater.

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25
Q

what is dura mater

A

is the outer layer. It is thick, tough, unstretchable tissue.

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26
Q

what is arachnoid membrane

A

is the middle layer. It is soft and spongy and has a web-like appearance.

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27
Q

what is pia mater

A

The third layer that sits closest to the brain is pia mater. This layer and the space above it has blood vessels in it.

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28
Q

what is subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater

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29
Q

The subarachnoid space (between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater) is filled with what

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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30
Q

A hollow, enclosed neural tube forms during when (the brain)

A

the first month of development in the womb.

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31
Q

A hollow, enclosed neural tube forms during the first month of development in the womb. The stem cells that make up this neural tube are called what

A

neural progenitor cells

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32
Q

Neural progenitor cells divide and multiply during the first two months of development, during a period known as what

A

symmetrical cell division.

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33
Q

At around the 2 month mark (in human gestation), symmetrical division ends and asymmetrical division starts what is this

A

which is when the first glial cells (radial glia) and neurons are born.

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34
Q

what are the 5 major divisions of the brain

A

forebrain: Telecephalon and diencephalon

Midbrain: Mesencephalon

Hindbrain: Metecephalon and Myelencephalon

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35
Q

what are the categories of Brain Development

A

Symmetrical Division
and asymmetrical Division
Neurogenesis
Apoptosis

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36
Q

what is Symmetrical Division

A

Division of a neural progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical progenitor cells

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37
Q

when does Symmetrical Division happen

A

Symmetrical cell division of neural progenitors cells occurs during the first two months of development in the womb. Symmetrical division ends when asymmetrical division starts. Neural progenitor cells hug the inside ring of the neural tube in an area called the ventricular zone

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38
Q

what is Asymmetrical Division

A

Division of a neural progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a new glial cell or new neuron

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39
Q

when does Asymmetrical Division

happen

A

In nervous system development, the period of asymmetrical division that gives birth to all the neurons in the brain lasts for about 2 to 3 months. More neurons are born during this time than will be present at birth.

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40
Q

what is Neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons

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41
Q

when does Neurogenesis happen

A

Neurons are born from the asymmetrical cell division of neural progenitor cells (stem cells). Most neurogenesis stops 4 to 5 months into development, however the adult brain retains some stem cells that continue to divide and produce neurons throughout life, particularly in the hippocampus

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42
Q

what is Apoptosis

A

a process of programmed cell death that occurs I multicellular organisms

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43
Q

when does Apoptosis

happen

A

a highly regulated and controlled form of cell suicide that ensures that the contents of a dying cell do not disrupt its neighbours. The process of asymmetrical cell division that supports neurogenesis in the developing brain ends when neural progenitor cells undergo apoptosis

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44
Q

what are the ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONS

A 
Neuraxis
 Anterior (rostral)
 Posterior (caudal)
  Dorsal (superior;
 Ventral (inferior; 
 Lateral (distal,
 Medial (proximal,
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45
Q

what is Neuraxis

A

An imaginary line that runs along the length of the CNS

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46
Q

what is Anterior (rostral)

A

Front end or toward the head

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47
Q

what is Posterior (caudal)

A

Tail end

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48
Q

what is Dorsal (superior)

A

Top of the head and towards the back

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49
Q

what is Ventral (inferior

A

towards the belly)

Front surface that faces the ground

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50
Q

what is Lateral (distal

A

away from the midline) Toward the side

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51
Q

what is Medial (proximal

A

close to the midline)

Toward the middle

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52
Q

what is Sagittal plane

A

A mid-sagittal cut means the exact middle (between the eyes)

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53
Q

what is Medial

A

toward midline

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54
Q

what is Lateral (

A

away from midline)

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55
Q

what is Transverse plane

A

(frontal section, cross section, coronal section)

like a cut dividing front of brain and back of brain

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56
Q

define Contralateral

A

Structures on opposite side of the body
(e.g. the motor cortex controls contralateral muscles. When we say the left motor cortex controls movement of the contralateral hand, we mean it controls movement of the RIGHT hand.)

57
Q

define Ipsilateral

A

Structures on same side of body
(e.g. the olfactory bulb sends axons to the ipsilateral hemisphere, meaning that the left olfactory bulb sends axons to the left hemisphere. Olfaction and taste are the only sensory systems that do not have contralateral organization.)

58
Q

define Superficial

A

Close to the surface, close to the exterior

59
Q

define Deep

A

Far away from the surface, deep in the interior of the organism

60
Q

what is included in The Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, Pons and Medulla Oblongata

61
Q

where is The hindbrain

A

the most posterior division of the brain.

62
Q

where is the Medulla Oblongata an what does it do

A

the most caudal part of the brain stem. It also contains a part of the reticular formation and nuclei that control vital functions of respiration and the cardiovascular system

63
Q

what is the Area postrema

A

famous area of the medulla, since it is one region where the blood–brain barrier is weak. Poisons can be detected there and it can initiate vomiting.

64
Q

where is The pons and what does it do

A

large bulge in the brain stem that contains a relay with the cerebellum. At its core is the reticular formation, which plays an important role in sleep and arousal.

65
Q

where is The cerebellum and what does it do

A

(known as ‘little brain’) is a convoluted mass of cortex involved in the integration of sensory perception and motor control.

66
Q

Damage to cerebellum does what

A

impairs standing, walking, or performance of coordinated movements

Cerebellar damage results in jerky, poorly coordinated, exaggerated movements; extensive cerebellar damage makes it impossible even to stand

67
Q

The cerebellum does what

A

contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing. It integrates sensory information and motor commands to exert a coordinating and smoothing effect on movement.

68
Q

what is included in The Midbrain

A

Tectum and Tegmentum

69
Q

where is The Midbrain

A

surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and consists of two major parts: tectum and tegmentum

70
Q

where is The Tectum

A

(“roof”) appear as two pairs of bumps on the dorsal surface of brain stem

71
Q

what does The Tectum do

A

The Tectum (“roof”) appear as two pairs of bumps on the dorsal surface of brain stem. These bump reflect the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi, which have visual and auditory functions, respectively

72
Q

what is included in The tegmentum and what does it do

A

The tegmentum (“covering”) includes several structures including the rostral reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray, the red nucleus, and the substantia nigra. These structures are involved in sleep, arousal, attention, movement and reflexes

73
Q

what is included in THE FOREBRAIN

A

HYPOTHALAMUS and thalamus and LIMBIC SYSTEM
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Basal ganglia
limbic system

74
Q

what structure is The hypothalamus

A

a two lobed structure made up of several nuclei

75
Q

what does the hypothalamus control

A

Some control autonomic and endocrine responses (e.g. drinking and sleeping).

In general, these nuclei organize behaviours that are directly related to survival, i.e. the four F’s: feeding, fighting, fleeing and mating.

Some hypothalamic neurons stimulate the pituitary gland which releases hormones in reproductive physiology and behaviour

76
Q

what are hormones job

A

Non-synaptic, long distance Chemical Communication

77
Q

define Hormone

A

Chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs

78
Q

what is Endocrine gland

A

Gland that secretes chemical signals (hormones) into the bloodstream. Much of endocrine system is controlled by hormones produced by cells in hypothalamus

79
Q

what is The thalamus

A

two lobed structure is divided into several nuclei. Some are sensory relay nuclei; they receive sensory signals and relay them to different regions of the cerebral cortex.

E.g. the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus receive information from the eye and send axons to the primary visual cortex. The medial geniculate nuclei relay auditory information.

Nuclei of the thalamus have widespread cortical projections

80
Q

where is the LIMBIC SYSTEM

A

THE FOREBRAIN

81
Q

Internal sensations (stretch) and internal muscles (heart rate, breathing) mostly get processed where

A

in hindbrain

82
Q

Sensory information (touch, taste, hearing, vision) goes to the what first

A

thalamus

83
Q

Sensory information (touch, taste, hearing, vision) goes to the thalamus first. The thalamus then relays this information to where

A

appropriate primary sensory area in cerebral cortex.

84
Q

Motor information goes from where to where

A

primary motor cortex down to spinal cord and then to muscles

85
Q

Motor information goes from primary motor cortex down to spinal cord and then to muscles. Areas in the midbrain and hindbrain (including cerebellum) strongly contribute to what

A

movement-related processes

86
Q

what is another name for The telencephalon

A

the cerebral hemispheres

87
Q 
The telencephalon (the cerebral hemispheres) is one of the two major portions of the forebrain.  On the surface of the cerebral hemispheres is the cerebral cortex, which is highly convoluted with 
 what
A

sulci (small grooves)
fissures (large or major grooves)
gyri (ridges between sulci or fissures).

88
Q

what do The convolutions to the surface area of the cerebral cortex.

A

they increase it

89
Q

The outermost portion of the cerebral cortex is called what

A

gray matter

90
Q

why is The outermost portion of the cerebral cortex gray matter

A

The color is because of the high concentration of cell bodies there

91
Q

what matter is below the grey matter

A

The white matter

92
Q

The white matter (beneath the gray matter) has a large concentration of what

A

myelinated axons. There are very few cell bodies in this area

93
Q

Although two cerebral hemispheres perform somewhat different functions, perceptions and memories are unified. This unity is accomplished by what (in the cerebral cortex)

A

corpus callosum, a large band of axons that connects corresponding parts of association cortex of the left and right hemispheres

94
Q

what are the main areas of the cerebral c

A

The primary motor cortex (frontal lobe).
The somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)
The primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
The primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
The insular cortex (in lateral fissure b/t lobes)

95
Q

what is another name for The primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe

96
Q

what does The primary motor cortex (frontal lobe) do

A

sends motor information to muscles

97
Q

what is another name for The somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

98
Q

what does The somatosensory cortex do

A

receives touch information. Different regions of the somatosensory cortex receive information from different parts of the body (e.g. feet, hands, fingers).

99
Q

what is another name for The primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

100
Q

what does The primary visual cortex do

A

receives visual information.

101
Q

what is another name for The primary auditory cortex

A

(temporal lobe)

102
Q

what does The primary auditory cortex do

A

receives auditory information.

103
Q

what does The insular cortex (in lateral fissure b/t lobes) do

A

receives gustatory information

104
Q

Each primary sensory area of the cortex sends information to adjacent regions called what

A

sensory association cortex

105
Q

what does the Sensory Association Cortex

do

A

Perception takes place there and memories are stored there

Regions of the association cortex located closest to primary sensory areas receive information from only one sensory system

106
Q

what are The basal ganglia

A

a collection of subcortical nuclei in forebrain, which lie beneath the anterior portion of lateral ventricles. (In the brain, the word nuclei means a group of neurons of similar shape.)

107
Q

what are the parts to the basal ganglia

A

The caudate nucleus
The putamen
The globus pallidus

108
Q

where is the The caudate nucleus located

A

is located in the centre of the brain. It resembles a C shape with a wide head in the front tapering to a body and a tail at the end.

109
Q

where is the putamen

A

is located in the centre of the caudate. Together, the caudate and putamen have a striped appearance and are know together as the striatum.

110
Q

where is The globus pallidus and what does it do

A

is a spherical shaped structure that receives input from the caudate and putamen

111
Q

The basal ganglia are involved in what

A

control of movement. For example, Parkinson’s disease is caused by degeneration of certain neurons located in the midbrain (dopamine neurons) that regulate basal ganglia activity via projections to the caudate and putamen.

112
Q

what is The Spinal Cord

A

Long, conical structure, approximately as thick as an adult’s little finger

113
Q

what does The Spinal Cord do

A

Principal function of the spinal cord is to distribute motor fibers to the effector organs of the body (glands and muscles) and to collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain

114
Q

is the Spinal cord autonomous from the brain

A

Spinal cord also has a certain degree of autonomy from the brain; various reflexive control circuits are located there

115
Q

what is Afferent

A

Going towards the CNS

116
Q

what is Efferent

A

Going away from the CNS

117
Q

The brain and spinal cord communicate with the rest of the body via what nerves

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

118
Q

cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of what system

A

peripheral nervous system

119
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system do

A

conveys sensory information to central nervous system and conveys messages from central nervous system to body’s muscles and glands

120
Q

how many cranial nerves are attached to ventral surface of brain

A

12 pairs

121
Q

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are attached to ventral surface of brain
Most of these nerves serve as what

A

sensory and motor functions of head and neck region

122
Q

Twelve pairs of cranial nerves are attached to ventral surface of brain
Most of these nerves serve sensory and motor functions of head and neck region

The exception to this rule is what

A

the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve), which is called the vagus (“wandering”) because its branches wander throughout thoracic and abdominal cavities. It regulates functions of the heart, lungs, upper digestive track, and other organs in that area.

123
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system broken down to

A

somatic and auomatic

124
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

Interacts with external

environment

125
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

Regulates body’s internal

environment

126
Q

what do the Afferent nerves of the somatic system do

A

Carry sensory signals from eyes, ears, skin, etc TO CNS

127
Q

what do the Afferent nerves of the autonomic system do

A

Carry sensory signals from internal organs TO CNS

128
Q

what do the Efferent nerves of the somatic system do

A

Carry motor signals FROM

CNS to skeletal muscles

129
Q

what do the Efferent nerves of the autonomic system do

A

Carry motor signals FROM

CNS to internal organs

130
Q

what is the Somatic nervous system

A

Part of peripheral nervous system which receives sensory information from the sensory organs and controls movements of skeletal muscles. In general, the somatic system interacts with the external environment

131
Q

what is the Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

other branch of peripheral nervous system concerned with regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. In general, the ANS interacts with the body’s internal environment

132
Q

The ANS consists of two anatomically separate systems: what are they

A

the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

133
Q

what is the Sympathetic division

A

Part of autonomic nervous system supports activities associated with increases in energy expenditure; the “fight or flight response (e.g., increases in heart rate, blood flow, blood sugar).

134
Q

what is the Parasympathetic division

A

Part of autonomic nervous system supports activities that that occur during relaxed state and are involved with increasing in the body’s energy stores (digestion).
These activities include digestion, sexual arousal, defecation, urination, and salvation (i.e., both “feed and breed” and “rest-and-digest” activities

135
Q

what are the cells of the nervous system

A

sensory neuron
motor neuron
interneuron

136
Q

what is the Sensory neuron

A

Neuron that detects changes in the external or internal environment and sends information about these changes to the central nervous system

137
Q

what is the motor neuron

A

A neuron located within the central nervous system that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland

138
Q

what is the Interneuron

A

A neuron located entirely within the central nervous system

only send axons very locally with a brain area

139
Q

what are projection (rely) neurons

A

send axons outside of local area

U1 Behavioural Neurological Psychology 211 (22 decks)

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