lecture 12 Flashcards
what is Insomnia
Insomnia is characterized as difficulty falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night
Insomnia is a problem that affects how many people
approximately 25 percent of population occasionally and 9 percent regularly
what is Fatal Familial Insomnia & Sporadic Fatal Insomnia
A very rare disease that involves progressively worsening insomnia, which leads to hallucinations, delirium, and confusional states. It is typically inherited but can also develop spontaneously. It has no known cure and the average survival span after the onset of symptoms is 18 months.
are there DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-REM SLEEP (NREM PARASOMNIAS)
yes
There are many sleep disorders that occur during NREM sleep or during transitions out of sleep… what happens to the brain
The brain seems to get caught in between a sleeping and waking state. Many people are unaware they exhibit this behaviour.
what are some NREM PARASOMNIAS
Sleepwalking, Sleep-talking, Sleep-groaning, Sleep-crying, Sleep-eating, Sleep-sex, Sleep-teeth grinding
what are characteristics of Sleepwalking, Sleep-talking, Sleep-groaning, Sleep-crying, Sleep-eating, Sleep-sex, Sleep-teeth grinding
Some of these conditions tend to be more prevalent in children (i.e., people can grow out of it). Episodes can last seconds to minutes or longer. These states can be caused by certain medications or medical conditions.
what are Sleep terrors
NREM
Characterized by overwhelming feelings of terror upon waking (from stage 3/4 sleep). May include panic (a panic attack), screaming, and even bodily harm because of rash actions. People sometimes have no recollection of these events. Prevalent in people diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD
what is REM sleep behavior disorder
Neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams
• Appears to be a neurodegenerative disorder with at least some genetic component
• It is often associated with better-known neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease
give an overview of REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR
Reproductive behaviors constitute most important category of social behaviors, because without them, most species would not survive
•These behaviors include courting, mating, parental behavior, and most forms of aggressive behaviors
•These behaviors are the most striking categories of sexually dimorphic behaviors
what is Sexual dimorphic behavior
behavior that has different forms (or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances) in males and females
In terms of behaviour, there are differences between the sexes, on average, in their mixture of talents, temperaments, and interests. These differences can be the result of what
biology, socialization, and the interaction of the two.
does biology hard-wires some differences
yes
Men and women have specific, hard-wired differences in both their bodies and brains. Exposure to sex hormones, both before and after birth, is responsible for this sexual dimorphism.
what are sex chromosomes
The X and Y chromosomes are the sex chromosomes, as they typically determine an organism’s sexual identity
what are gametes
Mature reproductive cells
Mature reproductive cells (gametes) only have how many copies of chromosones
one copy of every chromosome
Mature reproductive cells (gametes) only have one copy of every chromosome. These reproductive cells, are made where
made in the gonads
what are gonads
ovaries or testes
Mature reproductive cells (gametes) only have one copy of every chromosome. These reproductive cells, made in the gonads are what
either sperm or ova
All embryos contain precursors for both female and male sex organs, but during third month of gestation what happens
one of these precursors typically develops while the other withers away.
All embryos contain precursors for both female and male sex organs, but during third month of gestation one of these precursors typically develops while the other withers away
what are these 2 precursers
Müllerian system
Wolffian system
what is the Wolffian system
Embryonic precursors of male internal sex organs
what is the Müllerian system
Embryonic precursors of female internal sex organs
In humans, biological sex is determined by five factors present at birth what are they
Sex chromosomes: XX or XY • Gonads: testes or ovaries • Sex hormones: androgen signaling • Internal reproductive anatomy • External anatomy