lecture 19 Flashcards
what are the types of TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
close head injury
and open head injury
what is Closed-Head Injury
Caused by a blow to the head with a blunt object
The brain comes into violent contact with the inside of the skull (coup)
The brain then recoils in the opposite direction and smashes against the skull again (contrecoup)
what are Open Head Injuries
Penetrating brain injuries (also called open head injuries) obviously cause damage to the portion of the brain that is damaged by the object or the bone
In addition, damage to blood vessels can deprive parts of the brain of their normal blood supply
Accumulation of blood within the brain can cause further damage by exerting pressure within the brain
explain how Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health problem
In the United States, approximately 1.4 million people visit an emergency room for TBI, 270,000 people are hospitalized, and 52,000 people die from it.
• Almost a third of deaths caused by injury involve TBI.
• In survivors, scarring often forms within the brain, around the
sites of injury, which increases risk of developing seizures.
• Many people receive brain injuries but are not diagnosed. Even mild cases of TBI (mTBI) greatly increase a person’s risk of developing brain problems down the road. For example, the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease is much higher in a person who has received blows to the head earlier in life
Seizures have many causes, explain them
Most common cause is
scarring, which may be produced by an injury, a stroke, a developmental abnormality in the brain, or the irritating effect of a growing tumor
Other causes are high fevers (especially in young children) and withdrawal from GABA agonists, such as alcohol and barbiturates
Seizures can also cause brain damage, probably on account of the excessive release of what
glutamate
Although there are some genetic factors that can promote seizures, most seizure disorders are caused by what
nongenetic factors.
define idiopathic
(of unknown causes, or literally one’s own suffering)
Although there are some genetic factors that can promote seizures, most seizure disorders are caused by nongenetic factors.
In the past, many cases were considered to be what
idiopathic
what is Seizure disorder
Preferred term for epilepsy
Sometimes, if neurons that make up motor system are involved, a seizure can cause a convulsion, which is wild, uncontrollable activity of the muscles
do all seizures cause convulsions
not all seizures cause convulsions; in fact, most do not
define Convulsion
Violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by seizure
what is a Partial seizure
Seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to rest of brain
what are the two kinds of partial seizures
A simple partial seizure
A complex partial seizure
what is A simple partial seizure
is a seizure that does not produce loss of consciousness.
what is
A complex partial seizure
is a seizure that produces a loss of consciousness
what is a Generalized seizure
Seizure that involves most of the brain (non- localized seizure).
Includes tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and absence seizures
what are the parts to a GRAND MAL SEIZURE
Aura
Tonic- clonic seizure
Tonic phase
Clonic phase
define Aura
Sensation that precedes a seizure. Its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus
define Tonic- clonic seizure
generalized, grand mal seizure that typically starts with an aura that is followed by a tonic phase and then a clonic phase. This type of seizure involves convulsions
define Tonic phase
First phase of tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted
define Clonic phase
Second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which patient shows rhythmic jerking movements
aka convulsions
who is especially susceptible to seizure disorders
Children
Children are especially susceptible to seizure disorders
• Many do not have tonic-clonic episodes but instead have what
very brief seizures that are referred to as spells of absence.