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U1 Behavioural Neurological Psychology 211 > lecture 19 > Flashcards

lecture 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the types of TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

A

close head injury

and open head injury

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2
Q

what is Closed-Head Injury

A

Caused by a blow to the head with a blunt object

The brain comes into violent contact with the inside of the skull (coup)

The brain then recoils in the opposite direction and smashes against the skull again (contrecoup)

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3
Q

what are Open Head Injuries

A

Penetrating brain injuries (also called open head injuries) obviously cause damage to the portion of the brain that is damaged by the object or the bone
In addition, damage to blood vessels can deprive parts of the brain of their normal blood supply
Accumulation of blood within the brain can cause further damage by exerting pressure within the brain

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4
Q

explain how Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health problem

A

In the United States, approximately 1.4 million people visit an emergency room for TBI, 270,000 people are hospitalized, and 52,000 people die from it.
• Almost a third of deaths caused by injury involve TBI.
• In survivors, scarring often forms within the brain, around the
sites of injury, which increases risk of developing seizures.
• Many people receive brain injuries but are not diagnosed. Even mild cases of TBI (mTBI) greatly increase a person’s risk of developing brain problems down the road. For example, the likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease is much higher in a person who has received blows to the head earlier in life

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5
Q

Seizures have many causes, explain them

A

Most common cause is
scarring, which may be produced by an injury, a stroke, a developmental abnormality in the brain, or the irritating effect of a growing tumor

Other causes are high fevers (especially in young children) and withdrawal from GABA agonists, such as alcohol and barbiturates

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6
Q

Seizures can also cause brain damage, probably on account of the excessive release of what

A

glutamate

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7
Q

Although there are some genetic factors that can promote seizures, most seizure disorders are caused by what

A

nongenetic factors.

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8
Q

define idiopathic

A

(of unknown causes, or literally 􏰀one’s own suffering􏰁)

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9
Q

Although there are some genetic factors that can promote seizures, most seizure disorders are caused by nongenetic factors.
In the past, many cases were considered to be what

A

idiopathic

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10
Q

what is Seizure disorder

A

Preferred term for epilepsy
Sometimes, if neurons that make up motor system are involved, a seizure can cause a convulsion, which is wild, uncontrollable activity of the muscles

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11
Q

do all seizures cause convulsions

A

not all seizures cause convulsions; in fact, most do not

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12
Q

define Convulsion

A

Violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by seizure

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13
Q

what is a Partial seizure

A

Seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to rest of brain

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14
Q

what are the two kinds of partial seizures

A

A simple partial seizure

A complex partial seizure

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15
Q

what is A simple partial seizure

A

is a seizure that does not produce loss of consciousness.

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16
Q

what is

A complex partial seizure

A

is a seizure that produces a loss of consciousness

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17
Q

what is a Generalized seizure

A

Seizure that involves most of the brain (non- localized seizure).
Includes tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and absence seizures

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18
Q

what are the parts to a GRAND MAL SEIZURE

A

Aura
Tonic- clonic seizure
Tonic phase
Clonic phase

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19
Q

define Aura

A

Sensation that precedes a seizure. Its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus

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20
Q

define Tonic- clonic seizure

A

generalized, grand mal seizure that typically starts with an aura that is followed by a tonic phase and then a clonic phase. This type of seizure involves convulsions

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21
Q

define Tonic phase

A

First phase of tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted

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22
Q

define Clonic phase

A

Second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which patient shows rhythmic jerking movements

aka convulsions

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23
Q

who is especially susceptible to seizure disorders

A

Children

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24
Q

Children are especially susceptible to seizure disorders

• Many do not have tonic-clonic episodes but instead have what

A

very brief seizures that are referred to as spells of absence.

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25
Q

what are Absence seizures

A

generalized complex seizures.

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26
Q

what is another name for absence seizures

A

petite mal seizures

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27
Q

During absence seizures (also known as petite mal seizures), what happens

A

people stop what they are doing and stare off into the distance for a few seconds, often blinking their eyes repeatedly

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28
Q

Seizure disorders are treated with what

A

anticonvulsant drugs, such as benzodiazepines, many of which work by increasing effectiveness of inhibitory synapses

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29
Q

Most seizure disorders respond well enough to medications that the patient can lead a normal life
• In a few instances drugs provide little or no help and the seizure foci remain so irritable that what treatment is required

A

brain surgery is required

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30
Q

what is a Tumor

A

Mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function

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31
Q

what are the types of Tumor

A

Non-malignant tumor

Malignant tumor

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32
Q

what is a Non-malignant tumor

A

Noncancerous, “benign” tumor. Has distinct border and cannot metastasize

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33
Q

what is a Malignant tumor

A

Cancerous (literally, “harm-producing”) tumor. Lacks distinct border and may metastasizewhat

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34
Q

what is Metastasis

A

Process by which cells break off of a tumor, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body

35
Q

The major distinction between malignancy and non-malignancy is what

A

whether the tumor is encapsulated

36
Q

what is encapsulated

A

whether there is a distinct border between the mass of tumor cells and the surrounding tissue

37
Q

The major distinction between malignancy and non-malignancy is whether the tumor is encapsulated, whether there is a distinct border between the mass of tumor cells and the surrounding tissue
• If there is such a border, the tumor is what

A

non-malignant; the surgeon can cut it out, and it will not regrow

38
Q

However, if the tumor is cancerous it grows how

A

by infiltrating the surrounding tissue, and there will be no clear-cut border between tumor and normal tissue

39
Q

When surgeons remove malignant tumors is the cancer gone forever

A

When surgeons remove malignant tumors, some cancer cells are often missed, and these cells will produce new tumors

40
Q

why kind of tumor can produce neurological symptoms and threaten the patient’s life

A

Any tumor growing in the brain, malignant or benign

41
Q

Tumors damage brain tissue by two means:

A

compression and infiltration

Even a benign tumor occupies space and thus pushes against the brain

42
Q

Compression does what

A

can directly destroy brain tissue, or it can do so indirectly by blocking flow of cerebrospinal fluid and causing hydrocephalus

43
Q

what is Gliomas

A

Glioma is an example of a malignant brain tumor. The tumor initiating cells originate from the neural stem cells that make glia. They rapidly proliferate and are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation than most tumor cells. The survival rate from malignant gliomas is very low

44
Q

what is Meningioma

A

an example of a non-malignant (encapsulated) tumor.
It is composed of cells that constitute the meninges – the dura mater or arachnoid membrane – often right between the two cerebral hemispheres.

45
Q

how likely is it to have a stroke

A

Incidence of strokes in the United States is approximately 750,000/year.
The likelihood of having a stroke is related to age – probability doubles each decade after 45 years of age and reaches 1–2 percent per year by age 75

46
Q

what are the 2 types of strokes

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

Ischemic stroke

47
Q

what is Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Cerebrovascular accident caused by the rupture of cerebral blood vessel

48
Q

what is Ischemic stroke

A

Cerebrovascular accident caused by occlusion of a blood vessel. 87% of strokes are ischemic.

49
Q

what is an example of CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS

A

Atherosclerosis

50
Q

what is Atherosclerosis

A

Process in which linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque, deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and cellular waste products. Risk factors include high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and high blood levels of cholesterol.
Precursor to heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and ischemic stroke, caused by clots that form around atherosclerotic plaques in cerebral and cardiac blood vessels

51
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques often form where

A

in the internal carotid artery

52
Q

what does the internal carotid artery do

A

supplies most of the blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres

53
Q

Plaques can cause what

A

severe narrowing of interior of artery, greatly increasing the risk of a massive stroke.

54
Q

what are the types of strokes

A

Thrombus

Embolus

55
Q

what is Thrombus

A

Blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may block it and reduce blood flow to the affected area

56
Q

what is Embolus

A

Piece of matter (such as a blood clot, fat, or bacterial debris) that dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery. In the brain, an embolus can lead to a stroke

57
Q

Strokes may produce permanent brain damage

• Depending on wat

A

size of the affected blood vessel, amount of damage can vary from negligible to massive

58
Q

During a stroke it might be expected that neurons do what

A

simply starve to death because they lose their supply of glucose and of oxygen to metabolize it

59
Q

research indicates that the immediate cause of neuron death is the presence of what

A

excessive amounts of glutamate

60
Q

Researchers have sought ways to minimize amount of brain damage caused by strokes
• One approach has been to do what

A

administer drugs that dissolve blood clots in an attempt to reestablish circulation to an ischemic brain region
• This approach has met with some success. For example, administration of a clot-dissolving drug called tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) after the onset of a stroke has clear benefits, but only if it is given within three hours.

61
Q

Common cause of intellectual disability is what

A

the presence of toxins, viruses, and drugs during pregnancy that
impair fetal development. For example, the rubella virus alters brain development.

62
Q

Alcohol use during pregnancy does what

A

can have both mild and serious complications. For example, babies born to alcoholic women are typically smaller than average and develop more slowly. Some babies are born with a serious condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome

63
Q

what is Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

Birth defect caused by ingestion of alcohol during pregnancy, especially during the third to fourth week;
includes characteristic facial anomalies and faulty brain development that produces often severe intellectual disabilities.

64
Q

what are Inherited Metabolic Disorders

A

Several inherited 􏰀errors of metabolism􏰁 can cause brain damage or impair brain development
• Errors of metabolism􏰁 are genetic abnormalities in which recipe for a particular protein is in error. Typically the cause is that an enzyme is not synthesized.
• If the enzyme is a critical one, results can be very serious

65
Q

re are hundreds of different inherited metabolic disorders that can affect development of the brain. give two examples:

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Tay-Sachs disease

66
Q

what is Phenylketonuria (PKU

A

Hereditary disorder caused by the absence of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine
Accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage unless a special diet is implemented soon after birth

67
Q

what is Tay-Sachs disease

A

Heritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder

Lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste produces and swelling of cells of brain

68
Q

Down syndrome is caused by what

A

not by inheritance of a faulty gene but by possession of extra twenty-first chromosome

69
Q

is Down syndrome hereditary

A

Down syndrome is congenital, which does not necessarily mean hereditary

70
Q

Congenital refers to what

A

a disorder that one is born with.

71
Q

list some DISORDERS CAUSED BY INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A 
Encephalitis
Meningitis
Polio
(acute anterior poliomyelitis)
Rabies
Herpes simplex virus
72
Q

what is Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain caused by infection (bacterial or viral), toxic chemicals, or allergic reaction
The first symptoms are headache, fever, and nausea

73
Q

what is Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges caused by viruses or bacteria

The first symptoms are headache and stiff neck

74
Q

wha is Polio

acute anterior poliomyelitis

A

Viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord

75
Q

wha is Rabies

A

Fatal viral disease that causes brain damage; usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal

76
Q

what is Herpes simplex virus

A

Virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but can also cause brain damage

77
Q

what is Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

Autoimmune demyelinating disease
• At scattered locations within the central nervous system, myelin sheaths are attacked by the person’s immune system, leaving behind hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques
• Normal transmission of neural messages through demyelinated axons is interrupted
• Because the damage occurs in white matter located throughout the brain and spinal cord, a wide variety of neurological disorders are seen

78
Q

can Symptoms of multiple sclerosis go through cycles

A

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis go through cycles where they flare up and then decrease after varying periods of time

79
Q

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis go through cycles where they flare up and then decrease after varying periods of time
• In most cases, this pattern (remitting-relapsing MS) is followed by what

A

progressive MS later in course of disease

80
Q

what is Progressive MS

A

characterized by a slow, continuous increase in symptoms of disease.

81
Q

Multiple sclerosis usually occurs in who

A

people in their late twenties or thirties and afflicts women somewhat more frequently than men

People who spend their childhood in places far from equator are more likely to come down with disease than are those who live close to equator. It is likely that some disease contracted during childhood spent in region in which virus is prevalent causes person’s immune system to attack his or her own myelin

82
Q

Only two treatments for multiple sclerosis have shown promise:

A

First is interferon b,

Another partially effective treatment is glatiramer acetate

83
Q

what does First is interferon b, do

A

a protein that modulates responsiveness of the immune system

84
Q

what does glatiramer acetate do

A

Another partially effective treatment is glatiramer acetate (also known as copaxone or copolymer-1)

U1 Behavioural Neurological Psychology 211 (22 decks)

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