Lecture 5 Flashcards
During speecha nd singing, most individuals keep the _________ muscles somewhat contracted. This places the diaphragm optimally for _______________
abdominal
quick inspirations or replenishing breaths
In running speech it is important to take adequte ___________ to ensure adequate airlow and subglottic pressrue to keep vocal fold vibration going without undue effort
replenishing breaths
Tidal voluem refers to _________________
the amout (volume) of air exchanged during quiet breathing; the amount of air inspired and expired during a single quiet breathing cycle
Vital capacity refers to _________
the amout (volueme) f air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
The mount of air that is still available for inspiration beyond teh peak of inspiration during rest breathing is _______
inspiratory reserve volume
The amount that is still available for expiration beyond the nadir or bottome of expiration during rest breating is ______
expiratiory reserve volume
Tidal volume is always the same (true, false)
false
Breathing for speech requires precise coordination of ___________
inspiratory adn rexpiratory muscles
individuals with vocal hyperfunction tend to rely too much on ________volume
expiratory reserve
Tje theory that best explains the self-oscillating nature of vocal fold vibration is the ____________
aerodynamic-myoelastic theory, or myelastic-aerodynamic theory
The aerodynamic elements of this theory( aerodynamic-myoelastic theory) are ________, which is a force to (open, close) and the ___________, which is a force to (open, close)
subglottic pressure
open
bernoulli force
close
The myoelastic elements are __________, by which the tissues of the vocal folds resist deformation adn return to their rest position if deformed; and contraction of the _________ and the _________muscles, also known as the musles of ____. these muscles stay contracted during:
- the entire time the vocal folds are vibrating
- during the portion of the vibratory cycle when tehvocal folds are closed
tissue elasticity
lateral cricoarytenoids
interarytenoid
medial compression
- the entire time teh vocal folds are vibrating
The process of vocal fold vibration begins with the vocal folds (tightly, lightly) adducted by the muscles of medial compression. FI the speaker has too much contractile force in tehose muscles, he or she will initiate phonation with a __________, which is a vocally-abusive behavior
lightly
hard glottal attack
Next, ______ begins to build up ounder th vocal folds, and eventually __________, beginning withthe (bottom edge, top edge) and movign (downward, upward
subglottic pressure
blosing them open/apart
bottom edge
upward
The vocal folds reach their point of maxiumum excursion, realeasing air through the glottis. A this time, ________causes the vocal folds to bein the process of closing. Closure begins withthe (inferior, superior) edge of the vocal folds, and proceeds (downward, upward)
tissue elasticity
inferior
upward
When the vocal folds are apporximately 3 mm apart, the air flowing out of the glottis is having a hard time moving quickly enough to get around those pesky protrusive vocal folds (vocal folds protrudign intot he airway) . As the air moves more and more quickly to et around the obstructions, ___________ is reduced, causing the vocal folds to ________. This pheomenon is known as the Bernoulli Force and is ta force to (open, close)
air pressure against the vocal folds
be sucked together
Bernoulli Force
close
With enough airflow, the vocal folds can be more than 3 mm apar and still be sucked together, which means that you need less tension in teh muscles of medial compression to keep the vocal folds close enough together to vibrate. This is good news for our clients with hyperfunctional disorders, becasue it means that if they increase ________ their layngeal tension can decrease
hyperfunctional disorders
airflow
Pitch-raising is primarily acoumplished thorugh contrationof the ___________ muscles, which causes the front of the ______ cartilage to tilt downward, which ________ the vocal folds. This proces (reduces, increases) the cross-sectional mass of the vocal folds, causing them to vibrate (more slowly, more rapidly)
cricothyroid
theyrod
lengthens
reduces
more rapidly
In order to complete the actions described above, the antagonisht to the cricothyroid muscle, the __________, must relax so that the vocal folds can be stretched. if that muscles cannot relax due to neurological disorder, and in fact tenses in response to being stretched, then pitch will ________
thyromuscularis
not be raised; will stay the same
If pitch is rased in ta healthy way, the primary mechanism is to _________ the vocal folds using the ________ muscle. However, pitch can be raised in an uhealthy way by generating a lot of tesion in the _______ muscle, raising pitch through increased stiffness. This can cause __________
stretch
circothyorid
thyrovocalis
phonotrauma/laryngeal lesions vocal hyperfunction
A secondary mechanism for pitch -raising is to use the _________ muscles to pull slightly forward ont ehhyoid bone (and by connection, the thyroid cartilage) . and pull upward ont eh larynx, tensing the __________
suprahyoid
onnective tissues fo the larynx, including the vocal ligament
in order to lower pitch, the first step would be to relax the ______ muscle. Whent eh vocal folds have reached their rest length, further pitch decrease can be accomplished by icreasing tension in the _______ muscle (an intrinsic muslc of the larynx), which pulls the ____________ (cartilages) closer to the ________ (cartilage).
cricothyroid
thyromuscularis
arytenoid
thyroid
A secondary mechanism for lowering pitch would be to tense the __________ muscles, lowering the larynx and reducing tension on the _______
infrahyoid
vocal ligament (the inner component of the vocal folds, medial to thyrovocalis)
