Lecture 5

Question 1

During speecha nd singing, most individuals keep the _________ muscles somewhat contracted. This places the diaphragm optimally for _______________

Answer 1

abdominal

quick inspirations or replenishing breaths

Question 2

In running speech it is important to take adequte ___________ to ensure adequate airlow and subglottic pressrue to keep vocal fold vibration going without undue effort

Answer 2

replenishing breaths

Question 3

Tidal voluem refers to _________________

Answer 3

the amout (volume) of air exchanged during quiet breathing; the amount of air inspired and expired during a single quiet breathing cycle

Question 4

Vital capacity refers to _________

Answer 4

the amout (volueme) f air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Question 5

The mount of air that is still available for inspiration beyond teh peak of inspiration during rest breathing is _______

Answer 5

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 6

The amount that is still available for expiration beyond the nadir or bottome of expiration during rest breating is ______

Answer 6

expiratiory reserve volume

Question 7

Tidal volume is always the same (true, false)

Answer 7

false

Question 8

Breathing for speech requires precise coordination of ___________

Answer 8

inspiratory adn rexpiratory muscles

Question 9

individuals with vocal hyperfunction tend to rely too much on ________volume

Answer 9

expiratory reserve

Question 10

Tje theory that best explains the self-oscillating nature of vocal fold vibration is the ____________

Answer 10

aerodynamic-myoelastic theory, or myelastic-aerodynamic theory

Question 11

The aerodynamic elements of this theory( aerodynamic-myoelastic theory) are ________, which is a force to (open, close) and the ___________, which is a force to (open, close)

Answer 11

subglottic pressure

open

bernoulli force

close

Question 12

The myoelastic elements are __________, by which the tissues of the vocal folds resist deformation adn return to their rest position if deformed; and contraction of the _________ and the _________muscles, also known as the musles of ____. these muscles stay contracted during:

1. the entire time the vocal folds are vibrating
2. during the portion of the vibratory cycle when tehvocal folds are closed

Answer 12

tissue elasticity

lateral cricoarytenoids

interarytenoid

medial compression

1. the entire time teh vocal folds are vibrating

Question 13

The process of vocal fold vibration begins with the vocal folds (tightly, lightly) adducted by the muscles of medial compression. FI the speaker has too much contractile force in tehose muscles, he or she will initiate phonation with a __________, which is a vocally-abusive behavior

Answer 13

lightly

hard glottal attack

Question 14

Next, ______ begins to build up ounder th vocal folds, and eventually __________, beginning withthe (bottom edge, top edge) and movign (downward, upward

Answer 14

subglottic pressure

blosing them open/apart

bottom edge

upward

Question 15

The vocal folds reach their point of maxiumum excursion, realeasing air through the glottis. A this time, ________causes the vocal folds to bein the process of closing. Closure begins withthe (inferior, superior) edge of the vocal folds, and proceeds (downward, upward)

Answer 15

tissue elasticity

inferior

upward

Question 16

When the vocal folds are apporximately 3 mm apart, the air flowing out of the glottis is having a hard time moving quickly enough to get around those pesky protrusive vocal folds (vocal folds protrudign intot he airway) . As the air moves more and more quickly to et around the obstructions, ___________ is reduced, causing the vocal folds to ________. This pheomenon is known as the Bernoulli Force and is ta force to (open, close)

Answer 16

air pressure against the vocal folds

be sucked together

Bernoulli Force

close

Question 17

With enough airflow, the vocal folds can be more than 3 mm apar and still be sucked together, which means that you need less tension in teh muscles of medial compression to keep the vocal folds close enough together to vibrate. This is good news for our clients with hyperfunctional disorders, becasue it means that if they increase ________ their layngeal tension can decrease

Answer 17

hyperfunctional disorders

airflow

Question 18

Pitch-raising is primarily acoumplished thorugh contrationof the ___________ muscles, which causes the front of the ______ cartilage to tilt downward, which ________ the vocal folds. This proces (reduces, increases) the cross-sectional mass of the vocal folds, causing them to vibrate (more slowly, more rapidly)

Answer 18

cricothyroid

theyrod

lengthens

reduces

more rapidly

Question 19

In order to complete the actions described above, the antagonisht to the cricothyroid muscle, the __________, must relax so that the vocal folds can be stretched. if that muscles cannot relax due to neurological disorder, and in fact tenses in response to being stretched, then pitch will ________

Answer 19

thyromuscularis

not be raised; will stay the same

Question 20

If pitch is rased in ta healthy way, the primary mechanism is to _________ the vocal folds using the ________ muscle. However, pitch can be raised in an uhealthy way by generating a lot of tesion in the _______ muscle, raising pitch through increased stiffness. This can cause __________

Answer 20

stretch

circothyorid

thyrovocalis

phonotrauma/laryngeal lesions vocal hyperfunction

Question 21

A secondary mechanism for pitch -raising is to use the _________ muscles to pull slightly forward ont ehhyoid bone (and by connection, the thyroid cartilage) . and pull upward ont eh larynx, tensing the __________

Answer 21

suprahyoid

onnective tissues fo the larynx, including the vocal ligament

Question 22

in order to lower pitch, the first step would be to relax the ______ muscle. Whent eh vocal folds have reached their rest length, further pitch decrease can be accomplished by icreasing tension in the _______ muscle (an intrinsic muslc of the larynx), which pulls the ____________ (cartilages) closer to the ________ (cartilage).

Answer 22

cricothyroid

thyromuscularis

arytenoid

thyroid

Question 23

A secondary mechanism for lowering pitch would be to tense the __________ muscles, lowering the larynx and reducing tension on the _______

Answer 23

infrahyoid

vocal ligament (the inner component of the vocal folds, medial to thyrovocalis)