Lecture 2

Question 1

The skeletal framework for respiration includes a vertebral column with ____ cervical vertebrae, ____ throacic vertebrae___ lumbar vertebrae ____ sacral certebrae, and ____ fused coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 1

7

12

5

5

3-4

Question 2

The pectoral girlde, whcih goes around the upper part of the body, includes the _____ anteriorly and the ________ posteriorly. Besure you can identify these on an anatomical figure

Answer 2

clavicles

scapulae

Question 3

The pelvic girdle, which encircles the lower part of the body, includes the _____, the _____ the _____and the_____. Be sure you can id these on an anatomical figure

Answer 3

illium

ischium

pubis

sacrum

Question 4

THe rib cage includes the ______ and ____ pairs of _____

Answer 4

sternum

12

ribs

Question 5

The primary muscle of inspiration is the ______ it has 3 origins the: _____, ______ and ______. Its insertion is the _______

Answer 5

diaphragm

xyphoid process of the sternum

lower 6 ribs (or just “lower ribs”)

lumbar vertebrae

central tendon

Question 6

When the diaphram contacts it pulls the central tendon (*upward, downward), thus increaseing the (superior-inferior, anterior-posterior) *dimension of the thoracic cavity and lungs. This causes air to flow (into, out of) the lungs

Answer 6

downward

superior-inferior

into

Question 7

A second very important set of inspiratory muscles is the ______, which are located on the anterior thorax ( “Anterior thoracic muscles of inspiration”). Specifically, these muscles run formt eh _____ to the ______ in a downward and inward (medical) direction .

Answer 7

external intercostals

bottom of hte ribs above

top of the rib below

downward and inward (medial)

Question 8

Along the set of muscles metionioned above, a second important set of anterior thoracic inspiratory muscles is the _______, ________ portion. Like the muscles describe in #7 above, these muscles also (elevate, depress) the ribs, (increasing, decreasing) the (superior-inferior, anterior-posterior) dimension of the thoracic cavity adn lungs, causing air to flow (in, out).

Answer 8

internal intercostals

interchondral portion

elevate

increasing

anterior-posterior

in

Question 9

Less imporant are two sets of “posterior throacic muscles of inspiration,” the ____ and the _______

These muscles are considered lesss important becasue they operate at the extremem mechanical disadvantage, with the applicaiton of efort being very close to the fulcrum (vertebral column)

Answer 9

costal elevators

serratus posterior superior

Question 10

One of Dr. Gelfer’s favorite muscles is ______, one tohte so-called “muscles of the upper arm or shoulder.” Dr. Gelfer likes this muscles becasue it runs from the ______ on the superior end to ______ on the inferior end in a nearly (vertical, horizontal) direction, givin git good potential to elevate the ribs. And as we learned during cadaver labs, it is not a small muscle

Answer 10

pectoralis minor

scapula (coracoid process)

ribs 2-5

vertical

Question 11

If your istructor’s favorite muscle is to function as a muscle of inspiration, the ______ must be stabilized by several muscles of teh back, one of which is the ________

Answer 11

scapula

(one of these) trapezius, rohmboideus major and monior or levator scapula

Question 12

The accessory muscle sof the neck incude the ______ and the ______. Both of these muscles have a (very important, limited) role in elevating the ribs and/or ribcae, becasue _______. They may be useful during speech breathing if other inspiratory muscles are not functioning.

Answer 12

scalenes

sternocleidomastoid

limited

they attach only to the uppermost ribs, clavicles or top of the sternum.

Question 13

Amon the muscles of inspiration, the diaphragm is inervated by the ______ wich comes from the cervical spinal nerves ___-_____. The sternoceidomastoid and the trapezius are innervated by ______. All the rest of the inspiratory muscles are innervated by ________ that emerge (where) ________

Answer 13

phrenic nerve

C3-C5

CN II or CN IV

cervcal or throacic spinal nerves

from the spinal cord at the same lattitude as teh muscle

Question 14

The only important “anterior/lateral throacic muscles” of EXPIRATION is the ______, _______. This muscle pulls (up, down) on the ribs, thereby (increasing, decreasing) the (superior-inferior, anterior-posterior) dimension of the thoracic cavity and lungs, causing air to flow (in, out)

Answer 14

internal intercostals

interosseous

down

decreasing

anterior-posterior

out

Question 15

The most important “abdominal muscles” of expiration are the _____, _______, _______ and _______

Answer 15

external obliques

internal obliques

rectus abdominus

transversus abdominus

Question 16

Among these muscles the ______, _______ and _______ have the potential to pull down on the ribs. However, an even more important function of these three muscles combined, plus the ______ is to (expand, compress) the abdominal cisera, forcing it (upward, downward) into the _______. This (increases, decreases) the (superior-inferior, anterior-posterior) dimensions of the thoracic cavity adn lungs, causing air to flow (in, out) of the lungs.

Answer 16

external obliques

internal obliques

rectus abdominus

transversus abdominus

compress

upward

diaphragm

decreases

superior-inferior

out

Question 17

The lungs and thoracic cavity are adhered to each other becasue of the ______

Answer 17

pleural linkage

Question 18

In genera, the muscles of expiration are innervated by sinal nerves froom the ______ or ______ regions, with a specific muscle being innervated by a spinal nerve near its point of (origin, termination)

Answer 18

thoracic

lumbar

origin