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ANAT 314 > Lecture 4: Vertebral column > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What is defining feature of vertebrates

A

Vertebral column = core part of axial skeleton

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2
Q

What does vertebral column consist of

A

Series of articulating bones and associated connective tissues

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3
Q

What does vertebral column do

A

Protects spinal cord
Provides anchorage for limb girdles (scaffolding), and as an msk system = enables axial movement

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4
Q

How many vertebrae

A

Mode = 33
But ranges from 32-34

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5
Q

Name neck vertebrae

A

7 cervical = c1-c7

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6
Q

Name chest/rib cage vertebra

A

12 thoracic = t1-12

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7
Q

Name tailbones

A

Sacrum = 5 fused = s1-4
Coccyx = 3-5 fused coccygeal, 1-4,variably present, v small, sometimes just do not develop

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8
Q

How many curvatures of vertebral column

A

Adult humans = have 4
In normal Sagittal plane

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9
Q

Describe primary curvatures

A

Kyphosis = originates in embryonic/fetal dev in all vertebrates = consequence of hoe embryo dev, against yolk sac = curved
THORACIC AND SACRAL

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10
Q

Describe secondary curvatures

A

Lordosis
Develop in early post natal growth = when we start walking on 2 limbs
CERVCIAL AND LUMBAR

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11
Q

Describe evolutionary fun fact

A

SECONDary lordoses are unique to humans = help align centre of mass of head/trunk over the feet = reduces muscle effort required to stand up
= align weight fo trunk and head of where we support weight on ground with feet
In chimpanzee = one long primary kyphosis, creates more theories to resist when walk on 2 legs

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12
Q

Describe clinical not so fun fact

A

Misalignments due to abnormal curvatures = increase back/neck muscle work and strain on the vertebrae/disks
Biomechanics out of sync = muscles used more to resist torques

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13
Q

Describe thoracic kyphosis

A

More flexion torques, tendency of head and neck to go forwards
In sagittal plane

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14
Q

Describe lumbar lordosis

A

Excessive extension torque
Sagittal plane

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15
Q

Describe scoliosis

A

Coronal plane = not sagittal
Want vert column to be parallel to Sagittal plane
Lat flex and extension

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16
Q

Describe vertebrae = regions

A

All vertebrae share some basic features in common = but in each region = develop to various extents

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17
Q

Describe normal vertebra

A

Superior articular process and facet
Inferior articular process and facet

All but one vert = has vertebral body
Vertebral neural arch = enclose spinal cord

Transverse processes = bilateral, sticks out along transverse axis
Spinous process = line up with sagittal plane

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18
Q

What is intervertebral foramen

A

Inf vert notches of sup vert
Sup vert notches of inf vert =
Form intervertebral foramina = where spinal nerves pass
Bilateral,between 2 vert, spinal nerves passing
Notches = created by body and processes

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19
Q

What are vertebral foramen

A

Formed by vert body and arch

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20
Q

What is vertebral canal

A

Stacked vertebral foramina = forms vert Canal = where spinal cord runs

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21
Q

Describe defining features of cervical vertebrae

A

Bifid= split spinous process, variably present
Large triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse foramina = for vertebral arteries, from trunk up into cranial cavity
Short transverse processes

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22
Q

What is atlas

A

C1

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23
Q

What is axis

A

C2

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24
Q

Describe features of atlas

A

No body
Lateral masses = facet onto
Posterior arch
No vertebral body
Anterior arch = articulates With dens
Superior articular facets= articulate with skull

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25
Q

Describe features of axis

A

Involved in particular motion of head and neck
Dens = odontoid process = axis around c1 and head can rotate together = head rot

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26
Q

Describe defining features of thoracic vertebra

A

Heart shaped vertebral body
Circular vertebral foramen
Facets for rib attachment = 3 articular facets
Long narrow sloped spinous process, skinny

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27
Q

Describe defining features of lumbar vertebra

A

L4-5 more
Smaller triangular vertebral Foramen
Kidney shaped vertebral body = larger than thoracic ones = bc supporting more weight = want it to be dissipated along greater area
Short, wide spinous process

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28
Q

What is atypical about t12

A

Whole facet on body of t12 = bc rib 12 atypical

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29
Q

Describe sacrum

A

Part of pelvic girdle with innominate bones with pelvis
Solid wall for pelvis

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30
Q

What vertebrae make up sacrum

A

S1-5

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31
Q

wHat vertebrae make up coccyx

A

3-5

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32
Q

Describe sacrum = sacral promontory

A

Makes angle that projects out

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33
Q

Describe sacrum = Ala

A

Flare, fused transverse processes of s1
Ends at sacroiliac joint

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34
Q

Describe sacrum = Transverse ridges

A

Marks separation

35
Q

Describe sacrum = Intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal nerves come out

36
Q

Describe sacrum = Ant/post sacral foramina

A

On both sides where rami come out

37
Q

Describe sacrum = Sacral canal

A

Continuation of vertebral canal

38
Q

Describe sacrum = Sacral crests

A

Median sacral crest = fused spinous processes
Lateral sacral crest = remnants transverse processes of vertebrae

39
Q

Describe sacrum = Sacral hiatus

A

S5 nerve and coccygeal nerve pass

40
Q

Describe Atlanto occipital joint

A

2 separate condylar joints = 2 articular facets, reciprocal for condole

41
Q

Describe Atlanto occipital joint = FUNCTION

A

Head flexion and extension = nodding
Minimal lateral flexion and extension, axial rotation of skull relative to c1

42
Q

Describe Atlanto occipital joint = RESTS ON

A

Occipital condoles = where articulates with atlas

43
Q

Describe Atlanto occipital joint = NAME SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS

A

Posterior atlanto occipital membrane
Tectorial membrane

44
Q

DESCRIBE TECTORIAL MEMBRANE

A

On posterior aspect of vert body
Attaches to occipital-bone in skull = goes through foramen magnum and mesh with dura mater

45
Q

DESCRIBE POSTERIOR ATLANTO OCCIPITAL MEMBRANE

A

Keeps atlas and occipital bone together

46
Q

Describe Atlanto axial joint

A

C1-C2
Anterior arch of c1 around dens
Dens with 2 articular facets = c1 and c2

47
Q

Describe Atlanto axial joint = articulations

A

Median = dens and ant arch, pivot joint, c1-c2
Lateral = articular processes = 2x, slides, planar joint

48
Q

Describe Atlanto axial joint = alar ligaments

A

Secures dens to skull

49
Q

Describe Atlanto axial joint = transverse ligaments

A

Completes pivot joint = turns it into true pivot joint
Encircles dens and keeps it against anterior arch of c1,
Function = axial rotation, other joint surfaces = facilitate rotation, oriented in specific way so wont block pivoting motion

50
Q

Describe Atlanto axial joint = cruciform ligaments

A

Longitudinal fibers supporting the dens

51
Q

Describe zygapophyseal joints

A

Between Articualr process and facets of 2 neighbouring joints
Paired, left and right articulations between facets on superior and inferior articualr prcoesses of adjacent vert

52
Q

Describe zygapophyseal joints = CLASSIFICATION

A

Synovial, plane/gliding translation
Level of movement depends on where = orientation, which spinal level

53
Q

Describe zygapophyseal joints = AT CERVICAL SPINE

A

Facets aligned with transverse plane
Especially c1-c2, complements median pivot joint
Axial rotation, some flex ext laterally, large rom

54
Q

Describe zygapophyseal joints = AT THORACIC SPINE

A

Facets in coronal plane
Axial rot = some
Some flex,ext, lateral flex ext

55
Q

Describe zygapophyseal joints = AT LUMBAR SPINE

A

Facets in sagittal plane
Lat flex ext
Some flex ext

56
Q

DESCRIBE INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS

A

Solid joints = symphyses
Between 2 adjacent vert bodies
Separated by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk
V limited motion

57
Q

What are the parts of intervertebral disk

A

Annulus fibrosus = fibrous ring = inner ring and outer tougher ring, relatively inelastic
Nucleus pulposus = middle, gel like, collagen rich, elastic, absorb shock, cushions

58
Q

What is disk herniation

A

Holds lots of weight = so when annulus degenerates = disk herniation
Progressive protrusion of nucleus pulposus through weak spots in annulus fibrosus
Often in lumbar region = greatest weight bearing region
Creates nerve impingements = pain, numbness, tingling

59
Q

Can disk herniation happen anywhere on spine

A

Not in sacral region bc no disk

60
Q

Describe disk herniation = Gen

A

Large vert body absorbs much shock when walk
L4-5 ot l5-s1 = most common place
Transition from lumbar lordosis to sacral kyphosis = can protrude and squeeze cauda equina, impinges

61
Q

Describe central herniation

A

Straight back extrusion = impinge cauda equina

62
Q

Describe posterolateral herniation

A

Sideway =hit dorsal root ganglion = cell bodies of aff

63
Q

Name the stages of disc herniation

A

Stage 1 = degeneration
2= protrusion
3 = extrusion
4= sequestration

64
Q

Describe movements of vertebral column

A

Each zygaphophyseal joint (primarily here) on its own has limited move to btu sum of these small movements = makes for greater rom fo whole spine

65
Q

Is it true that not all movements are possible at all joints/segments

A

NOOOO
Sagittal flex ext, lateral flex ext, axial rot = possible at all joints/segments

66
Q

What part is BEST at flexion extension

A

Cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine

67
Q

What part is BEST at lateral flexion extension

A

Lumbar spine

68
Q

What part is BEST at rotation of head and neck

A

Cervical spine

69
Q

What part is BEST at rotation of upper trunk

A

Thoracic spine

70
Q

What is reducing angle/increasing angle

A

Flex = reduce
Ext = increase

71
Q

What does ipsilateral extension =

A

Contralateral flexion

72
Q

Describe ligaments of vertebral column

A

24 vert not fused = want them to be supported by ligs
Ligaments maintain structural integrity of column and reinforce many joints
Limite excessive motion in all 3 planes

73
Q

Describe anterior posteriorr longitudinal ligaments = gen

A

Run length of vert column
Along anterior and posterior borders of vert bodies
Supports and limits movement

74
Q

Describe anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Ant aspect
Prevent excessive extension

75
Q

Describe posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Crack open vert arches
Prevent excessive flexion
Continues as tectorial membrane at c1/c2 into skull, ligament =sacrum —> skull

76
Q

What do longitudinal ligaments do

A

Best at limiting sagittal ext = ant lig
Best at liming sagittal flex = post lig
Both = limit axial rot (twisting)

77
Q

What is nuchal ligament

A

In cervical region
Broadening of supraspinous lig between c7 and occipital
= helps prevent pitching of head (flex at atlanto occipital joint and cervical zygopophyseal joints)

78
Q

What is supraspinous ligament

A

Along tips spinous processes
Thicker

79
Q

What is interspinous ligament

A

Between spines

80
Q

What do interspinous and supraspinous ligaments do

A

Help limit flexion

81
Q

What is ligament flavum

A

Extending between base vertebral arch of adjacent vertebrae

82
Q

Describe intertransverse ligaments

A

Extending between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

83
Q

What do ligament flavum and intertransverse ligaments both do

A

Limit ipsilateral extension (equiv = contralateral flexion)

84
Q

Name lower back vertebrae

A

5 lumbar = L1-5

ANAT 314 (24 decks)

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